Corporate Governance In Public Sector Undertakings In India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1345 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Today, in many industrialized nations, policy makers, economists, corporate executives and academicians are debating over the issues of corporate governance. The discussion focuses on the policy formulation and corporate structure by board of directors to improve executive behaviour and management oversight. According to literature, corporate governance refers to the set of mechanisms that influence the decisions made by managers when there is a separation of management and control. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Governance In Public Sector Undertakings In India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The monitoring mechanisms can be board of directors, institutional shareholders and operation of the market for corporate control. Recently, global corporate governance debate has grown manifold with political, social, emotional and evolutionary forces fuelling the controversy. Corporate governance: A prominent issue in global perspective In the past two decades, corporate governance has emerged as a crucial issue in the wake of worldwide wave of privatization and a series of global corporate failures and scandals. In order to understand the relevance of corporate governance in public sector organizations, the historical roots of corporate governance and the rising importance are worth discussing in detail. The world-wide privatization wave The privatization wave started in the UK, which was responsible for 58% of OECD and 90% of European Community privatization proceeds in 1991. Since then, privatization has been an important phenomenon in Latin America, Western Europe, Asia and the former Soviet block. With privatization, issues regarding ownership and control of newly privatized corporations also grew to a large extent . In certain countries, part of the agenda was to create Shareholder Democracy (Biais and Perotti, 2002) while other countries were more biased towards larger shareholders and their con cerns. The rise of governance issues was the next step where the state assumed the new role of public shareholder in private corporations and led to the emergence of corporate governance practices worldwide. The protection of small shareholders was another significant aspect as stock markets gained importance and frequent public offerings were made diluting the ownership and control. Mergers and takeovers There was an era of massive MAs taking place as a consequence of globalisation and next came a hostile takeover wave first in USA in the 1980s and then in Europe in the 1990s (Marco Becht, Patrick Bolton, Ailsa RÃ ¶ell, August 2005). These hostile takeovers counter-attacked the corporate policies and revolutionised the way regulation of domestic and international deals is carried out. Deregulation and capital market integration During the 1990s, a lot of integration activities started taking place in the global capital markets as the equity capital grew particularly in Eastern Europe, Asia and other emerging markets. This helped in rekindling the interest in regulation and governance issues. Scandals and failures at major corporations Many scandals and failures have started surfacing on a global platform. The reasons for most of them can be attributed to accounting irregularities through which firms started floating their earnings. Many of these failures get highlighted during downturns and recessions. India: Historical roots of public sector At the time of independence, India was left with high income disparities, poor infrastructure scenario and insufficient technological resources. There was an acute requirement for widespread development in fields like telecommunication, power, steel etc. and improvement in countrys infrastructure. However, private sector was not encouraged to enter such fields since they required huge investment outlays with low and delayed returns. Since private sector had to part with its commercial interest, public sector came into being. However, with time the government proved inefficient in managing the public sector enterprises in various fields and de-licensing and deregulation eventually followed. Nevertheless, public sector has transformed itself when it emerged least affected during the credit crisis phase. The market capitalisation of the listed PSUs also nearly doubled over the last four years signifying the success of disinvestment process. Corporate Governance in Public Sector Over the past few years, government has expressed strong desire to improve the transparency and accountability levels within PSUs. For all unlisted PSUs, the corporate governance norms meant for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) were made mandatory. The government now wants to focus on their implementation in order to tackle key issues like PSUs failing to comply with clause 49 of SEBI listing agreement, autonomy of PSUs etc. Issue 1: Current Standard of corporate governance in PSUs vis-Ã  -vis private sector Ideally PSUs should lead the way by setting in right policies for accountability and transparency in the corporate governance structure rather than following the private sector. To start with, Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna PSUs should implement this by adopting the voluntary guidelines set by MCA. Many agencies like Central Vigilance Commission, the Public Enterprises Selection Board, the Department of Public Enterprises, and the Standing Conference of Public Enterprises have been discussing the mechanisms for implementing reforms in corporate governance structures in PSUs. Currently, it has been made mandatory for all CPSEs to follow the corporate governance guidelines formulated by Department of Public Enterprises. Private sector has projected an ongoing quest to improve their policies and generally score over public sector in their functioning and disclosure norms. Moving ahead, government should also formulate well defined strategy for each PSU to ensure its effici ent functioning and propose stringent corporate governance practices for the unlisted PSUs as well. Issue 2: Balancing commercial and managerial autonomy Well established theory says there is high positive correlation between autonomy and accountability. Same stands true for autonomy and enterprise performance as well. Indian government has granted various levels of autonomy to its public sector enterprises. However, the formal control by government is highly extensive over various areas of activities of PSUs strangling their decision making, limiting their autonomy and hence, impairing their day-to-day performance. Currently it is very important to delink managerial autonomy with board composition as according to present norms, autonomy granted to PSUs is directly dependent on the number of non-executive members present in their board of directors. As PSUs are unable to fill up their vacancies of non-executive directors again due to government interference, these norms have resulted in a mockery of their autonomy. Again, PSUs should be kept immune from political and bureaucratic involvement in matters of executive compensatio n, approval of projects and performance management systems barring matters of national interest. Issue 3: PSU board structures and independent directors The government should bring in norms to appoint competent professionals as board members who have a good understanding of the business and the sector. Large shareholders should also be allowed to nominate their representatives to Board. Any political affiliation should be limited and board members powers should be made independent of the executive management. The non-executive directors on PSU boards play a vital role in its governance and designing strategic priorities and providing a risk oversight. Their selection is very crucial in these aspects and CMDs should be thoroughly consulted which currently doesnt happen. The process can be initiated by PESB by short-listing eligible candidates from the private sector and PSU boards and CMDs contributing in board succession planning. These directors should also be adequately compensated at par with their private sector counterparts Issue 4: Ensuring compliance with the SEBI Listing Agreement Many listed Navratna and Miniratna PSUs are lagging behing in complying with minimum requirements stated in Clause 49 of SEBI listing agreement (KPMG India June 2010). This directly hampers the future prospects of India Incorporated when the Ministry of Corporate Affairs is emphasizing strongly on the implementation of corporate governance guidelines. The corrective action can be to make proper disclosures within directors and corporate governance reports and ensuring accountability. Also implementation of corporate governance norms for CPSEs, both listed and unlisted, should be supervised consistently. Issue 5: Government as the Promoter The government needs to constantly monitor the performance of its Board of directors in cases where it acts as a promoter and a majority shareholder of the PSU. Without mitigating the independence and other powers of board of directors, it should clearly provide the strategic layout for tackling various issues. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the government should develop and issue an ownership policy that defines the overall objectives of state ownership, the states role in corporate governance of state-owned enterprises and how this policy is likely to be implemented.

Scott Peterson Found Guilty of First-Degree Murder

Scott Peterson was charged with the murder of his pregnant wife Laci Denise Peterson and their unborn son Conner Peterson, who disappeared sometime between Dec.  23 and Dec. 24, 2002. The badly decomposed remains of Laci and the couples fetus washed ashore in April 2003, not far from where Peterson said he went on a solo fishing trip the day she vanished. Peterson was arrested April 18, 2003, in San Diego, the day that the remains of Laci and Conner were officially identified. The Prosecutions Theory The prosecution believed that Peterson meticulously planned the murder of his pregnant wife because he did not want to give up his lifestyle and be tied down to a wife and baby. The problem for the prosecution was the lack of direct evidence that proved Peterson committed murder or disposed of a body. Prosecutors believed that he purchased his 14-foot Gamefisher fishing boat two weeks before Lacis disappearance for the sole purpose of using it to dispose of her body. They also believed that Peterson originally planned to use a golf outing as his alibi. For some reason, however, dumping her into the San Francisco Bay took longer than planned, and he was stuck with the fishing trip as his alibi. Because there was no direct evidence, the case was completely constructed on circumstantial evidence. Prosecutor Rick Distaso told the jury that Peterson used an 80-pound bag of cement he purchased to anchor Lacis body to the bottom of the bay. He showed jurors photographs of five round impressions in cement dust on the floor of Petersons warehouse. Only one anchor was found in the boat. Petersons Defense Defense attorney Mark Geragos promised the jury in his opening statement that he would present evidence showing that Peterson was innocent of the charges. He relied mostly on witness testimony to offer the jury alternative explanations for the states circumstantial theories. Ultimately, however, the defense failed to produce any direct evidence that pointed to another suspect. Geragos brought the defendants father to the stand to explain that Peterson had been an avid fisherman since an early age, and that bragging about major purchases like the fishing boat would have been unusual. The defense also offered testimony that indicated that Peterson used the remainder of the 80-pound bag of cement to repair his driveway. They tried to attribute his clients erratic behavior after Lacis disappearance to being hounded by the media, rather than trying to elude or deceive police. The case for the defense hit a major setback when an expert witness—who testified that Conner was still alive after December  23—did not stand up to cross-examination, which implied huge assumptions in his calculations and called his credibility into question. Still, many courtroom observers, even those with backgrounds in criminal prosecution, agreed that Geragos did an excellent job poking holes in almost every aspect of the prosecutions circumstantial evidence. Jury Deliberations In the end, the jury decided that the prosecution proved that Peterson premeditated the murder of his pregnant wife. He was found guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Laci and second-degree murder in the death of his unborn son Conner. They reached a verdict on the seventh day of deliberations, after three jurors were replaced during the trial, including the first foreman. First, Judge Delucchi replaced juror No. 7, who reportedly did her own independent research or investigation into the case, contrary to court rules. The judge told the jury to start over in their deliberations. They responded by electing a new foreman, juror No. 6, a male alternate who was a firefighter and paramedic. The following day, Delucchi dismissed juror No. 5, the former foreman of the jury, who reportedly asked to be removed from the case and had been replaced. The verdict came only eight hours of deliberations after the judge dismissed the first foreman. The jury deliberated all day Wednesday with the new foreman in place, took Thursday off for Veterans Day, and deliberated only a few hours on Friday before announcing they had a verdict. Total deliberations lasted almost 44 hours,  after a trial that had lasted five months and presented testimony from 184 witnesses.

Robert Frost’s, “the Road Not Taken” a Metaphor for Life,...

Often in poems, we are confronted with metaphors. Simply, a figure of speech where one thing is described in terms of another (Jacobs, 30). Butt there are also times where the whole poem is a metaphor, when a large metaphor functions as the controlling image of a piece of work. Such is the case in Robert Frost’s poem, The Road Not Taken. The expressed content of the poem is simply that of the speaker, Frost himself, out on a walk one day in a wooded area. As he is out walking, he arrives at a place in the road that forks, where he has to decide which way he is going to go. However, the implied context in this piece of work is much more complex. The entire piece is one whole metaphor for life. In this paper, I am going to attempt to†¦show more content†¦The pieces written in this time made a concentrated effort to move away from the traditional. The social, political and cultural climates were in great upheaval and therefore the pieces of works written in this time were very diverse, very experimental as well as nontraditional. Such was Frost’s, The Road Not Taken. Though we tend to see this piece as only a metaphor for life, isn’t it also possible that this piece is a metaphor for what the poets where going through with their thought processes at the time, as well as to what the entire country was going through at that time? Yes, most certainly. With all of the changes, whether they be social, cultural or political, we have to understand that, in each circumstance, with the upheaval of certain ideas along with the questioning of a person’s ideals, change is fostered. This is true on all levels, those of basic life, those within literature, as well as those in the social and political worlds. On the basic life level, when we begin to question one of our beliefs, humans tend to account for their questions by changing some of their thought processes, adding new beliefs that tend to better explain our new outlook. â€Å"The modern revels in a dense and often unordered actuality as opposed to the practical and systematic, and in exploring that actuality as it exists in the mind of the writer it has been richly experimental† (Harmon and Holman, 331). So onShow MoreRelatedEssay about Robert Lee Frost1452 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undyingRead MoreRobert Frost - Poetry Begins in Delight Ends in Wisdom - Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Poetry begins in delight and ends in wisdom† – Robert Frost Essay Danielle Sims Robert Frost was a poet who wrote traditional poetry that opposed the free verse styles and â€Å"no rules† system of the modernist poets who wrote at the same time in the early 1900s. His poetry is deceptively simple, commonly using colloquial language which flows just as naturally as speech. Whilst Frost is a poet who seems to be simplistic in his writing styles, his rhyming schemes are surprisingly sophisticated, oftenRead MoreModern F. 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However, those same people lay awake when the morning dew is fresh, still counting the ways they may have been able to do better in the choices they made many years ago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, youRead More Robert Frosts Poem The Road Not Taken Essay1056 Wo rds   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Poem The Road Not Taken The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost addresses the idea of decision-making and choosing what direction life will take you. The poem is about the speaker arriving at a fork in the road, where both paths are carpeted with leaves. The persona, who is believed to be Frost himself, chooses to take the road less traveled by. He tells himself that he will take the other road another day, although he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunityRead MoreRobert Frost And Modern Poetry1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbit, but few have done so much as Robert Frost has in the ways of influencing today’s poetry. 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Lines two to three expresses the speakers disappointment with his human limitations; he must make a choice. The choice is not easy, since quot;long I stoodquot; before coming to a decision. Lines four and five examine the path as best the narrator can. However his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to

Teaching and Learning Multiliteracies

Question: Discuss about the Teaching and Learning Multiliteracies. Answer: Introduction: The term multiliteracies had been coined in 1996 by the New London Group and this term could be referred as the multimodal ways of communication which also includes the abilities of students in educational system for understating multimedia and technology (Willis, 2009). The basic goal of multiliteracies in an education system is to utilise multimodal communication system considering various different languages within different cultures and also to utilise the abilities of students for understanding multimedia and technology considering audio, symbols, video, emails and others so that uniform knowledge buildup and growth could be ensured (Victoria State Government, 2009). In the conventional education system it was a significant challenge for teaches to help students for achieving a sustainable literacy development through the schooling period so that stronger literacy skills could be achieved (Mills, 2008). Subsequently utilising this implication with the conventional education syst em the New London Group developed the concept of multiliteracies in which technology-enhanced tools of education could be adopted for students so that they could enhance their literacy skills and knowledge with better convenience and efficiency. It is a matter of debate that how multiliteracies could be utilised by teaches within education system for ensuring better literacy development of all students. Hence, it should be mentioned here that there are four major components of multiliteracies which could be the main factors for teachers within educational systems for assisting every students with their literacy development and these factors are situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing and transformed actions (Mills, 2008). Functions of each of these components of multiliteracies have been discussed below, Situated Practice The main function of situated practice in multiliteracies is to guide the students for integrating their primary knowledge so that they could take the initial approach towards meaningful learning practices (Ansty Bull, 2006). Overt Instruction This component of multiliteracies could be effectively utilised by teachers for guiding the students for coordinating with newer educational tools and techniques with systematic practice of learning techniques so that better literacy development could be ensured through proper utilisation of the technology-enhanced tools and techniques of learning (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). Critical Framing The critical framing element in multiliteracies could be effectively utilised by teaches for encouraging the students to question about diverse perceptions so that better learning experiences could be gained from diverse aspects of literacy according to diversified questions of students (Victoria State Government, 2009). Transformed Actions This component of multiliteracies could be effectively utilised by educators within educational system for generating interest among the students for applying the learnt lessons from the former three components in their real; life activities and situations so that literacy development could be ensured through practical application of knowledge (Willis, 2009). Transformed Practices or Actions It has been mentioned in the former section of this report that transformed practices is one of the four components of multiliteracies and it is one of the most unique component of this newer educational concept as well. It could be an effective factor for encouraging the practices among students for linking their learning experiences within their regular life class room and personal life activities (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). The basic concept of transformed practices in multiliteracies is to encourage the approaches of students for applying their learnt lessons from technology-enhanced system based theoretical classes into real life aspects and situations so that practical lessons could make better contribution to their individual literacy development (Ansty Bull, 2006). It is a universally agreed fact that practical application of knowledge, reasoning power and logical abilities is the most effective way for enhancing the knowledge development process of an individual and it is also effective for encouraging self learning practices in people as well (Allan, 2013). Hence, it is very obvious that the approach of transformed practices in multiliteracies is effective for motivating students to apply their learnt lessons in real life activities so that they could build the path for their literacy development depending on their own self-learning approaches (Willis, 2009). Now it should be mentioned that how teaches could play a role for utilising transformed practices within an educational system for contributing to the better knowledge development of the students. The way in which an educator could encourage students with the approach of transformed practices within an educational system is to engage them in reciprocal conversations among each other so t hat ideas and knowledge could be shared from one cultural situation to another (Allan, 2013). Transformed practices in multiliteracies is considered to be the most meaningful and effective learning practice which design the future of the society through encouraging the next generations for applying their learnt lessons in their social lives (Wright et al 2013). Benefits of multiliteracies approach for assisting all students to value diversity It is said that a childhood is the most fertile state of brain for learning the basic knowledge and principles of life and it is also said that a child brain is also highly vulnerable to be influenced by misperceptions as well. Hence, it is very obvious that the education system available to children is the base for the development of their morals, principles, knowledge and logical abilities (Victoria State Government, 2009). The most significant advantages of multiliteracies approach in education system for assisting all students to value diversity have been discussed below according to different elements of multiliteracies. First of all transformed practices in multiliteracies encourages the students for being engaged in reciprocal conversation within classroom or society with different cultural people having different literacy perception (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). Thus, knowledge sharing through interaction with different cultural people depending on transformed practices could be effectively helpful for keeping students away from conventional thoughts about other cultural people. Moreover, it could also make them realise the value of diversity as a significant need for knowledge development and sharing (Allan, 2013). On the other hand, critical framing in multiliteracies is also effectively helpful for encouraging learning interest among students through motivating their practices for uttering questions from diverse perception so that answers could enrich the literacy of all within a classroom. Hence, better application of diversity of perception in multiliteracies for better literacy development of the students could also enhance the value of diversity to them (Wright et al 2013). Literacies and literate practices are important in every sphere of life. It is important to mention that most of the individuals learn a lot of from their daily lives not only at home but also at their work and hence taking into consideration the literate practices applied at workplace and home is an important aspect. People behave differently at work and home which are highly distinct in their contexts and hence it could be said that most of the individuals apply different literacy practices in different ways at home and at work because they understand the importance of these places and also understand that their behavior will reflect on their literacy effectively. From the social point of view literacy is the way people use their written skills in their personal lives and from the point of view of business literacy is written skills which helps people to develop their organisational situation which helps to understand the organisational objectives and allows meeting them (Wright et al., 2013). In both the situations literacy practices are considered as the observable episodes which reflect on the literacy practices learned by people during their education. In professional and personal life literacy practices is extremely important. From the personal point of view there are different Literacies which are important at work as well as at home. One of the key examples of literacy practice implemented at work is written skills and IT literacy skills for developing presentation and effective written communication which helps to convey important messages at work. Overall it could be said that the combination of writing and reading literacy skills is extremely important for me at work. On the other hand literacy practices at home could also be considered as personal literacy practice and hence understanding of the different social media applications and their involvement in the daily lives have become highly important as most of the people like to be active in Facebook, Twitter an d other applications effectively (Willis, 2009). My literacy practices of teaching my nephew and niece through e-books and tablet devices have been effective for me to develop my personal literacy skills. References Allan, L. (2013). Leaders in educational thought [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgciQLj-57k Ansty, M., Bull, G. (2006). Defining multiliteracies. In Teaching and learning multiliteracies: Changing times, changing literacies. Retrieved from https://engres.ied.edu.hk/lang_arts/tasks/curricRenew-2009/wk1/MultiliteraciesCh2AntesynBull.pdf Mills, K. A. (2008). Transformed practice in a pedagogy of multiliteracies. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 3(2), 109128. Sandretto, S., Tilson, J. (2013). Reconceptualising literacy: Critical multiliteracies for 'new times'. Retrieved from https://www.tlri.org.nz/sites/default/files/projects/Sandretto_Summary_final_1.pdf Victoria State Government, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD). (2009). Key characteristics of effective literacy teaching P6: Differentiating support for all students. Retrieved from https://www.agtv.vic.edu.au/files/Website%202015/keycharliteracyp6.pdf Willis, L.-D. (2009). A multiliteracies project in the middle school: Parents as coteachers. In 2009 AATE/ALEA National Conference: Bridging Divides: Ensuring access, equity and quality in literacy and English education, 912 July, Wrest Point Conference Centre, Hobart. Retrieved from https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:319714/UQ319714_fulltext.pdf Wright, S., Fugett, A., Caputa, F. (2013). Using e-readers and internet resources to support comprehension. Journal of Educational Technology Society, 16(1), 367379. Document: Assessment 4 Chart: Multiple Literacies and Literate Practices in the Different Contexts of Your Life (Word document)