Disease and Conditions of the Reproductive System

Unit Seven Workbook Assignment Chapter 12: Diseases and Conditions of the Reproductive System Assignment: For each scenario below, outline the appropriate patient teaching you would perform. First, review the â€Å"Guidelines for Patient-Teaching Exercises† found on page iv in the â€Å"Introduction†. 1. SYPHILIS A patient has been diagnosed with syphilis. The practice has printed instructions for patients diagnosed with this condition. The physician has instructed you to provide the patient with the printed information and to review it with her.How do you approach this patient-teaching opportunity? First, I would sit down with the patient and read the printed instructions to the patient. I would emphasize the importance of finishing the coarse of medication, even if the symptoms improve. I would also urge the patient to inform all sexual partners so they can also seek treatment if needed. I would also instruct the patient to avoid all risk factors for STDs. Finally, I would ask the patient if they have any questions. 2. ORCHITIS A young male patient has just been diagnosed with orchitis.The physician requests you provide the patient with the printed information concerning this condition. How do you approach this patient-teaching opportunity? ? First, I would sit down with the patient and read the printed instructions to the patient. I would emphasize the importance of finishing the entire coarse of antibiotics. Suggest comfort measures, such as scrotal support and the use of ice packs. Explain the importance of follow-up appointments for urologic care. Finally, I would ask the patient if they have any questions. 3.PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) A female patient complains of typical premenstrual syndrome symptoms. The office has printed information for patient teaching about this condition. The physician requests you to provide the information sheets to the patient and review them with her. How do you approach this patient-teaching opportunity? First , I would sit down with the patient and read the printed instructions to the patient. Inform the patient that women benefit from stress-reduction program or counseling to better cope with the symptoms.Assure th patient that 50% of menstruating women experience PMS in some form. Finally, ask the patient if they have any questions. 4. ENDOMETRIOSIS A young female patient has been complaining of intolerable menstrual cramps and other pelvic pain. The diagnosis of endometriosis has been made. The physician has written instructions for this condition. You are instructed to provide the patient with the printed material and review it with her. How do you approach this patient-teaching opportunity? ? First, I would sit down with the patient and read the printed instructions to the patient.I would review with the patient the issues surrounding the disease and that it can progress or even regress over time. Discuss treatment options such as: hormonal contraception or surgery. Also have the pa tient take and finish the prescribed medication. Finally, I would ask the patient if they have any questions. 5. PREECLAMPSIA (TOXEMIA) A pregnant patient has been experiencing elevated blood pressure and sudden weight gain. She has been diagnosed with preeclampsia. The physician has printed instructions for this condition.You are instructed to provide this information to the patient and her family. How do you approach this patient-teaching opportunity? I would teach the patient of early and regular prenatal care to monitor weight, blood pressure, and urinalysis. If the patient is pregnant and is considered at risk for eclampsia, teach the warning signs to report: sudden weight gain, edema, headache, and increased blood pressure. Early signs can be managed to help prevent hospitalization and the onset of complications. Finally, I would ask the patient if they have any questions.

Beauty pageants Essay

How many of you have heard or seen of the reality TV show Toddler and Tiaras ? It’s a show where toddlers and young children mainly girls, take the stage wearing make up, spray tans, nails done, fake hair and fake teeth. They are to be judged on their beauty, personality and costumes. Parental ambitions can make there children socially unconnected with other children and sometimes mentally and physically drained. Parents have gone to extremes to make their child the best. The young toddlers are competing world wide to be judged based on looks, poise, perfection, and confidents, From as young as 6 months old. Beauty pageants within children are very exploitive because they promote a materialistic belief to young girls, damaging self-esteem, and encouragement to be â€Å"divas.† The object of child beauty pageants is to win money, a big crown, and occasionally other prizes like a bouncy house or a teddy bear. During the events, young girls are criticised by judges as they get on stage wearing skimpy clothes, shaking the butt while making kiddy faces. The parents coach their toddlers to win, no matter what the cost. Mothers hire make-up artist and hair stylist to make sure their child looks better then the others. The girls have â€Å"rivalries† with other girls who do pageants and they aren’t even 8 years old yet! They will literally seek out their competition to tell them that they’re ugly and say that they’re going to lose. Encouraging such competitive nature in little children could carry over to when they’re older. Life isn’t about always winning, and people shouldn’t be telling their kids that! Beauty pageants wrongly teach little toddlers and children that the only way to be happy is to win and be perfect. A young child getting spray tanned, false nails, false eyelashes and they are like 2 and hate it, is definitely wrong! I mean, caking your kid in make up and then telling them they’re beautiful isn’t right. Its sometimes not the children’s wish to do these pageants, it is the parents (the mothers) desire to give their daughter something that maybe the mother could never accomplish herself. â€Å"A San Francisco mum is injecting her 8 year old daughter with botox to get rid of wrinkles and she insists that she’s not the only mum who’s doing it. The pain 8-year-old Britney Campbell describes doesn’t come from falling off her bike, or losing a tooth-but from this: Botox injections-administered by her Mother. Campbell†s mother says she started giving the injections to keep up with the beauty-take-all world of the pageant circuit an idea planted by other pageant mums. Photos taken during one of Britney’s Botox treatments – capture just how uncomfortable an adult cosmetic procedure can be.† Child beauty pageants have children dressed up in inappropriate clothing. A few examples from Toddlers and Tiaras are; a girl dressed up as a prostitute from Pretty Women and a girl’s mother putting in fake breasts and fake butt padding for her Dolly Parton talent routine. The mum said â€Å"she was just playing the part. She had no idea what she was doing.† Exactly! The child has no Idea what’s she’s doing. Most costumes have cuts in the sides or in the back that reveal a lot of skin. This is teaching little children that dressing this way is ok. When they’re older, they might wear clothing that is similar, although it’s not appropriate at that age either. Also, these parents are exposing their girls to possible pedophilia. Competitions showing little girls prancing around in skimpy dresses. Some little, innocent pageant girl could be the main focus of a pedophile. Parents should not be dressing their girls so proactively. There have been reports of children that have been sexually abused. These researches have shown that the sexualisation of child beauty pageants is a contributing factor to the abuse. Child beauty pageants send inappropriate messages to young girls about how they should act in society. Child beauty pageant contestants are taught that if you look pretty, you win prizes. These girls are put in huge frilly dresses, given fake hair pieces, caked in makeup, and are already getting spray tans. Their developing minds will determine that being pretty is the best thing to be in life. A girl named Daisey Mae was on Toddlers and Tiaras. She was 8 years old and she said â€Å"Facial beauty is the most  important thing in life.† That is exactly what I’m talking about. These girls grow up learning one skill: how to be pretty. Women spent over 72 years fighting to be seen and heard as more than just a pretty face. Over the past 10 years, there has been a 270% increase in the number of girls being hospitalized for eating disorders. Some of these girls are as young as 7 years old. Many of the girls with eating disorders have them because of body image. Beauty pagea nt girls are becoming anorexic just so they can be pretty and win trophies. Child beauty pageants is absolutely unacceptable. Children should be on playgrounds and playing games. Not wearing make up and having fake tans. And to not be judged for how they look. I believe that child beauty pageants should not put young girls in such situations. Child beauty pageants should not be allowed.

Chapter 31.1 1-9 Flashcards Example for Free (#31)

Chapter 31.1 1-9 Created new ideas on space, time, energy and matter. He created the theory of relativity, how motion is the key to his idea. Relative motion is the key to Einsteins theory so it was called the theory of relativity A Australian physician whos ideas were like Einsteins. He studied the human mind and said there was a â€Å"irrational† part of the mind where people did not know what was happening and they did whatever made them happy. The idea that there is no universal meaning to life German philosopher who argued that reason and democracy was destroying people’s creativity and actions. He wanted people to return to ancient heroic values and pride. A new art movement that was inspired by a world of dreams and real life A new style of music that emerged that was developed in New Orleans and Chicago. It was loose and lively. He was the first American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. In your opinion, whose contribution has had the most lasting impact? I think Albert Einstein because his ideas were very revolutionary and they are still used today. They put a base idea to use for the rest of time. Why were the ideas of Einstein and Freud revolutionary? Because they showed how people and things worked and their minds and their ideas are still being used today How did literature in the 1920’s reflect the uncertainty of the period? People were uncertain of wether to keep using democracy or start using their ideas and being creative. What impact did the increased use of the automobile have of the average people? Families were able to travel more for fun, cars were more affordable, it made transportation easier and faster and more fun. Why do you think writers and artists began exploring the unconcious? I think so because they wanted to see how different parts of the human mind worked and why this one part was so different. Why did some women begin demanding more political and social freedom? Because new things were being created and women wanted the opportunity to have more political and social freedom. Why were new medical treatments and inventions developed during WWI? So new weapons could be improved or created and used as battle tactics in WWII or any upcoming fights â€Å"Buy a radio today! Listen to latest news, plays and live sporting events on the air!† Einstein QUIZ HYBRID Atomic Bomb Controversy Einstein Child Einstein Chap 26 Sec 5, Chap 28 Sec 1Questions Part VI: The Twentieth Century Chapter 7: EMR, Planck, Einstein, de Broglie, Bohr APUSH- CH. 34 & 35 Philip Glass Knee Play 1 from Einstein On The Beach company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy We will write a custom sample essay on

Congressional Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Congressional Speech - Essay Example For too long we have witnessed the erosion of the power of the people. We, the people, are America. It is time we stand again and make our voices heard. Public education and its financing is paramount to our future and to our place in the world. I believe it is our role on the world's stage to play the lead in innovation and change for the good of mankind. America is falling behind in science and the arts. We lag behind in those areas in which we once dominated. We have been witness to the slow erosion of student scores as well as to the funding of our educational system. House Speaker Tip O'Neill once observed that 'all politics is local'. We all understand that education, too, is a local issue. We understand that our state, our cities and our neighborhoods have the ultimate responsibility for funding and the making of decisions. We would not have it any other way. But the federal government has a significant role in the process as well. The federal government funds local schooling in the neighborhood of ten percent of its budget (ed.gov 2006). While it is not the role of our government to wag the dog of public education, we have the right to expect the issuance of standardized guidelines within which we can all operate our school districts, refining as we see fit, taking into account that which is best for our children. We have a right to expect the very highest sta

Our Educational Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our Educational Issues - Research Paper Example Due to this, there is a great variation in terms of subjects, courses and other activities between schools of different states. Despite the variations, there are some common features in all schools regardless of their location. One of the common points is the three level division of the education system. The three levels include the elementary or primary education, the secondary education and the higher education. Formal schooling lasts for an average of 12 years when an individual is around the age of 18. This is not the case though in most states as compulsory schooling may end when an individual is 16 years. All American children have access to the free public education American educators use the term K-12 and sometimes PK-12 to refer to primary and secondary education. Most of US children start their education prior to entering the PK-12 education. The parents of such children have to privately finance these institutions. After pre-school and elementary school, the children then enter formal school at the average age of six. Although most American schools are well funded, they are still performing poorly based on the standardized testing, graduation rates, college admissions and national rankings. Many scholars and individuals have tried to look at the issues as to why schools are performing poorly and most of them agree that money is not one of the issues (Friedman25) A report from the International summit of Teaching rated America as an average compares to other nations. This is despite the fact that US invests in education more compared to other countries such as Canada. In the report, it was noted that America spends over $800 billion in a year. This amount is five times more than Japan which is the second highest spender. However, evidence from the summit revealed that one of the major causes of problem in the education system is the spending of the allocated money ((Peter26) American teachers have been obtaining little support in terms of money. Most of them go into debts so as to start their career. They are not motivated in terms of their salary making them to be less productive in school. Productivity of teachers is partially reflected in the grades of his or her students. Teachers who end up working in poor communities usually make less than those in more affluent areas. As a result, most of this teachers end up paying for many of their supplies. Additional evidence shows that the US is willing to lower educational standards rather than raising teachers’ salaries. In addition, the teachers of American schools have very little opportunities for collaborating with each other making most of them quite within their first five years. Countries such as Finland and Singapore pay their teachers very well and provide an enabling environment for them to collaborate effectively. One of the good news for America is that this problem is in the public eye and Obama’s administration is trying to stimulate improvements. In ord er to solve this problem, teachers need more support from the government and the local administration. The support should not only come in form of higher salaries but also in form of grants for those pursing teacher-related careers as well as providing a supportive environment for teacher collaboration

Meteorology HW 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meteorology HW 1 - Assignment Example It is also the ultraviolet rays that cause sunburn and has a lot of energy since it comes from the sun. On the other hand, longwave radiation contains less energy and comes from the Earth. Longwave radiation exits the planet as infrared rays. 3. Based on the graph, it can be observed that the CO2 from 2006 to present went up only to drop the following year. The only break is seen from 2009 to 2010 when the CO2 increased for each year. However, it went back to its up-and-down movement from 2010 to 2013. In my opinion, the trend of atmospheric carbon dioxide for Mauna Loa may be affected by the overall effect of the people’s activities and nature as the data is a representation of â€Å"human activities and (by) natural processes.† (Tans) For seasonality, the trend stays the same, increasing, although it is affected by the corrections made to the data as the â€Å"black curve represents the seasonally corrected data.† (Tans). Thus it can be said that for seasonality human error may be a reason for the change in CO2. 4. Albedo is a small part of the energy from the sun that is on Earth and reflected back into space. It comes from the Latin word albus which means white. An average of about 4% of the incoming radiation from the sun is reflected by the Earth (Budikova). Since original forests have a higher albedo, it would that little of the sun’s energy is absorbed by the earth. If the earth is already too warm, a higher albedo would be ideal to avoid further increasing the surface temperature. 5. Based on the data, it can be observed that the warmest year was in 2007 (1.0857) while the coldest year was in 1884 (-0.5941). I have to say I see some global warming in the data. Even if there are years from 1988 where the numbers declined, the trend in the graph show a dramatic increase starting from 1985. This period also reflects a direct contrast from when the data was first compiled which showed very cold

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization - Essay Example Collectively, they explained the dynamics of the global business landscape and the variables that drive the numerous processes at work within it. Concepts such as culture, technology, knowledge and the legal and political diversities found in various national economies all combined to demand new and complex requirements for multinational companies. These has called for their transformation as truly global organizations through changes in their organizational structure and the adoption of new business strategies in order to address the unique challenges and issues posed by the global environment. Before this module began, I have an inkling on what globalization is and its impact on both organizations, national economies and consumers. But my knowledge was limited to the superficial, abstract and general concepts. For instance, I know that globalization threatens local companies and could endanger their very survival because of the superior strength of the resources available to multinational companies that are invading the local market. But this module enlightened me further on the fact that it is not always easy for multinational companies to do this. ... † (p8-9) Secondly, there is the form of globalization that relates to the way organizations structure, control and manage their value-chains in terms of global operations. This is done â€Å"according to the availability of resources, cost levels, skills, quality and a host of other variables. (p. 9) These two forms of globalization supposedly were responsible for the emergence and the perpetuation of multinational companies who have already surpassed small national-economies in revenue generation. The third form, is characterized by how globalization adversely impacts several areas such as the democratic system, the environment, national cultures and identities, among others. (p. 12) The sheer complexity of the globalization economic model, hence, calls for a multidimensional approach by which stakeholders navigate its processes. Stonehouse, Campbell and Hamill emphasized, for example, that it should already be obvious how multinational/transnational companies must never adop t a global strategy that is primarily characterized by global standardization because it will fail. (p. 8) Companies have to make some fine-tuning in their strategies every time they enter a market. The reason is that each country has its own national circumstance. This can also be demonstrated in the numerous organizational configurations developed in order to pursue different objectives and address specific areas in the global business environment (see figure 1). Motives, Strategies and Organizational Configurations (Source: Bartlett and Beamish) As I saw from the diversity in organizational structure, I understood the sense in rejecting a global standards in strategy. For example, the Centralized Hub organizational model may work in some economies or markets with fierce competition but may not

Describe and explain the experiences of African colonial subjects Essay

Describe and explain the experiences of African colonial subjects during either or both of the world wars - Essay Example Unconditional possession of these colonies provided imperial powers with the manpower that kept the promise of making their rulers richer and stronger because of their natural resources and enabling them to wage war anywhere in the world (Anon, 2012). Europe rationalized its colonization of Africa as their moral duty to lift Africans from their primitive stage of civilization. Rulers built on the preoccupied ideas of people travelling to Africa and established the need to make African civilized. Europeans always saw African from their cultural prism, moreover, their preoccupation with skin color and physical attributes made these ideas even stronger (Anon, 2012).Therefore, even great contributions during the World War I and World War II could not win acknowledgement for colonial African soldiers. In an effort to rise above prejudice, this paper briefly explores the contributions of colonial African subjects during both of the World Wars. World War I World War I is considered to be tr uly a world war due to diverse military action and participation of people from five continents of the world. African colonized countries and subjects were specifically influenced by the results of WWI (AHA, n.d.).World War I imparted a profound and many-sided impact on colonies. The Balkan confrontation transformed into a general European war in mid-1914 and turned into an extra-European dimension because a few confronting states were considered to be the most powerful colonial powers. Just after the breakout of war, fights started in many parts of the world and most of the territories were conquered by the Entente power very soon. German African colonies were defended by African soldiers and German officers called 'Schutztruppen'. South Africa invaded the German South West Africa on behalf of the Entente powers that triggered problems for South Africa itself; however, 11,500 Anglophobe Boer people joined German side as a result of rebellion (Koller, 2008, p.111). The most prominen t and early reaction was the anger that is raged throughout African colonies due to conscription of mostly young African colonial subjects into European armies. However, the war had even more critical consequences. African subjects came to know that their masters are nothing but ordinary humans like themselves. African subjects expected rewards and compensation from their rulers for providing services to them. The compensation was expected in the form of money, and social and constitutional changes that can transform their lives back home. It triggered a hope amongst African subjects and made them realize that they deserve to be treated in a better way. Educated African subjects followed President Wilson's invitation to acknowledge the government on the basis of their national determination. The term refers to the idea that people should be free in their respective political boundaries (AHA, n.d.). Colonialist Powers Mission During World War I, European empires conscripted nearly 19 2,000 Senegalese Tirailleurs from sub-Saharan Africa who were sent to the Western Front in Cameroon, Turkey, and Togo. In particular, the French prized their possession of troupes indigenes as their assault troop on their battle front. In this Great War, approximately 30,000 to 31,000 African subjects lost their lives, several others were wounded, and some returned to their colonies as disabled for life(Mann, 2006, pp.16-17). Moreover, the French had planned the recruitment of one

Sociology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Sociology class - Essay Example mple given in the role of women as housekeepers and child-raisers has not only been generally observed but has been true since the beginning of recorded human history. This might be accounted to the physical built of the woman who is generally small than men and who are seen to be the weaker sex or more able and fit to face the demands of physical and mental strength required in such a responsibility. On the other side, men are expected to do the more difficult tasks especially those which demand physical output like farming, mining and the likes. Sociology then helps us understand our roles and, to the inquiring or curios thoughts of a person why things work in such ways and not in another way as he may see fit, provides an acceptable explanation. As mentioned earlier, the reasons behind every role one performs is inspected in the study of human beings and their relations and provides information that does not only help men to understand their roles but to accept them. However, like any other kind of study, not everything that one aims to pursue results to the bounds of an individual’s objectives of his study. For instance, the roles of men and women have been accepted to have separation and difference without question as they have been the norms we have grown through. However, in the passing of time, when the women proved that they are also able to do hard jobs, women’s liberation was borne which resulted to the many changes that we now see around us. There is no problem to the author about this matter but wha t is being pointed out here is the fact that sometimes studies extend its results to things that are out of our hands and still affect the sociological relationships we embrace. Thus, the things we once observed to have been accepted without question are now overturned and women now demand to be treated as equals to men, affecting not only men’s relationships in general but also affects the smaller groups of our society like husband and wife

Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking Essay Social networking sites have become extremely popular among the youth as well as the professional people. Keeping in mind, the growing popularity of these sites and the effect it has and the benefits that it brings along, it can be easily predicted that its popularity is sure to grow much more. The social networking websites are more like the virtual meeting places where people can just chill and hang out with friends. They can discuss on different topics, share information, and exchange files and pictures. We admitted the fact that using social networking is one way to enhance our social interaction with other people. Because of our technologies there are many ways that can help our works faster and easier. However, everything has a positive and negative side. Similarly, the social networking sites are also made up of their set of advantages and disadvantages; it is a one way to communicate our distant relatives or families, it’s a big help for the people who needs jobs especially there are online jobs offered in social networking and also it’s a way for some students who wants to finish their study due to their personal problems because there are many distance learning here in social networking. But among those advantages we can get from social networking, there are still many disadvantages that can affect to the users. Students are the one who are really affected for the disadvantages of social networking. According to the some surveyors many students are addicted to some social networking. That can lead them not to go to their classes’ hours. There are some social networking’s that are prohibited for minor children. Because of that, the cases now for the minor children like harassment, rape and etc. are getting higher. Because some are getting influence by what they have saw or learned from that social networking. In using social networking, it must be minimal and the users should know how it affects to her /his life so that there will be no regrets at the end. Do whatever you want as long as it can lead you on a better way and a peaceful life.

The Depiction of Women in Indian Cinema

The Depiction of Women in Indian Cinema Introduction Indian Women have excelled in every field and have engraved their names in many parts of the universe, but there still seems to be a long route ahead before she attains equal status in the minds of Indian men. ‘Most agricultural civilizations downgraded the status and potential of women, at least according to modern Western standards and to the implicit standards of hunting-and-gathering societies. Agricultural civilizations were characteristically patriarchal; that is, they were run by men and based on the assumption that men directed political, economic, and cultural life. Furthermore, as agricultural civilizations developed over time and became more prosperous and more elaborately organized, the status of women deteriorated from its initial level. (http://history-world.org/Civilization,%20women_in_patriarchal_societies.htm) In a well-defined patriarchal society like India, even the cinematic world deems to project women as in factual life. This is a good thing as films have mass appeal and at least some if not all carry out a message to the public and try to create awareness. There is a myth that women are characterized in films to prop up the male role rather than characterize them as the one who keeps the narrative structure sinuous. Women are insinuated in films as bearing the burden of sexual objectification that male roles cannot. Hence, they become the bearer, and not the maker of meaning says Laura Mulvey (Mulvey 834). Most Indian women live a silent life with enormous amount of sacrifices and retain their frustration within themselves for the sake of societal pressure. Women in Indian cinema are born with certain assumptions ranging from cult movies to celluloid blockbusters like Sholay to more recent Fashion that employ themselves as in severe gender issues. They are portrayed either as damsels in distress or demented feminists or simple belly-shaking glam dolls whose sole ambition is to attract the attention of the male gender. In many Indian films it is a common trend to insert ‘item numbers which bear no rational connection to the film in anyways but with an assumption that the film is easily associated. As Bindu Nair(2009:53)says, ‘Sometimes the one song ends up making the film a hit, such as ‘Chamma Chamma from the film China gate. Occasionally, do we see a female being the protagonist of a film than merely being objects of sexual desire. In some cases there appears to be a clash between ‘modern feminism and ‘traditional values. Indian cinema often acts like an emotional register and is very resourceful while reading the characterization of ‘Women. I would like to line up the film Paroma and closely pay attention to the way in which a traditional Hindu wife is deprived of her freedom and is confined by the emotional bonding with the family. It appears to be impossible to gather together a woman character as anything beyond the two incarnates Madonna and Whore. Women in India were not expected to express their feelings or to develop their personalities rather get accustomed to their individual subjugation and succumb to the same. To use a women character in a film is to represent a traditional figure as a symbolic image but many a times it is a mere wishful desire. For the present discussion I have chosen the character Paroma as the centre subject, it being a film directed by a female auteur Aparna Sen. The central character in the film Paroma is a middle class Bengali housewife who is played by Raki Gulzar. This film makes a very strong statement about the perception women have on their own body juxtaposed with a mans perception about her. The word Paroma in the ancient Indo-Aryan language which is Sanskrit means ‘the supreme or ‘the very best. In Hindu religion it is used as a prefix to show admiration or reverence. In this film it takes a very long time to bring out her individuality almost to the second half of the film. The film embarks upon the title credits rolling over a Hindu Goddess Kali symbolizing the bestower of liberation. Goddess Kali is an image of the vengeful mother-goddess. Her name Paroma which roughly translates as ‘the ultimate woman in this film is subsumed by the many relational identities associated with her in the family. She is called by different names in the family such as bhabi (sister-in-law), kaki (aunt), mami (aunt), ma (mother) and bahu (daughter-in-law). This marks the beginning of her identity -the given name Paroma being hidden and lost in the different roles she plays within the family. Paromas mother-in-law, we can say the doyen of the family makes a mention to a group of women that she is alive only because her daughter-in-law (Paroma) takes very good care of her and this establishes the fact that Paroma is indeed of very great importance to the family. There is a point being made when the foreign -returned photographers assistant Sarah, tries to understand if Paroma has an identity of her own and this is made sense to her and explained by the patronizing males in the family. But Rahul Rai initiates her identity when he refuses to cast her as Bhabi or Kaki even though Paroma suggests he addresses her either as Bhabi or kaki as he wished indicating her parameters and hinting that she would be safe within these roles which act as barriers for a woman and prohibiting any trespassers within the boundaries of decorum. It is a custom in many Indian families where the female head has to serve hot food to their family and if this is not done they take up the blame for bei ng a terrible house-wife. A scene where Paromas children return from school screaming â€Å"Ma, ma have you not prepared cold coffee for us?† is quite interesting as one can see the duties of a mother in a close-knit Hindu family and yet her limitations are countless when it comes to doing her own things at leisure. For example, Paroma never finds the time to play the traditional instrument Sitar. Her education had an abrupt end and her interest in sitar and poetry fades out because of her responsibilities as a Hindu house-wife. No one in the family pays much attention to what a woman wants in life. Very rarely do we see members of the family obtain the permission or suggestion from Paroma on what is to be done. This is evident as Paromas husband asks his mother if she has any problem in Paroma modeling for their guest Rahul. As the head of the family Paromas mother-in-law agrees and internally suggests its the least they can do to entertain their valuable guest. The scene that preludes her children returning from school is an interesting one where Rahul tries to stare at Paroma taking miniscule bites into a chili in utmost curiosity as if it was a strange personal act where we as audience see a close up of it from the directors angle. The shot is as though Rahul looks at this act through his camera lens. And interesting thing to note is that this lunch scene has no background score weaved into it. The lunch scene starts with the cooing of the cuckoo birds and there is a dead silence which builds up the moment. Women tend to frame themselves and get a grip on what is generally the acceptable norm by the society and in this case a patriarchal one. The male gaze tends to specify the degree of importance a woman has in the society by means of provoking a female to take more interest in her own self. The camera angles as well as the camera movements used by the cinematographer takes the audience to a new world. When a female character takes up a central part of the screen the camera never prowls at a woman. But when she is performing an action the camera always has a tendency to creep around her body voyeuristically. This all adds up to turning a woman into a spectacle. For example, In Chandni bar directed by Madhur Bhandarkar whose fixation for every movie is ‘real has many scenes set up in a dance bar where women are scanned top to bottom by the men in the bar. The natural contours of the body are made distorted by unnatural ways of dressing to emphasize certain body proportions and for this very reason they are shot from a low angle or a high angle to reveal cleavage. The men in Indian cinema either projected as ‘romantic heroes or the ‘bad guy are indubitably majestic on screen space unlike our female characters that always tend to lead a surrendered life even on screen. As Vrinda Mathur (2009: 66) says, ‘The male characters of Indian cinema, i.e. the heroes(those knights in shining armour) and the villains (those over-energetic sharks) move around the space of the movie like players in a deadly choreographed game of chess with the women characters as sacrificial pawns. It is quite apparent from the beginning that Rahul the photographer has a particular interest in capturing beauty. One can stand by this point from the way he captures Goddess Kali on the day of the religious function which is the opening scene of the film. By this one can confirm that he has interest in aesthetically appealing subjects. Many of his subjects seem to be centered on female oriented issues. We can justify this fact by encompassing his interest to capture the â€Å"Indian house wife†. He proposes to pay peculiar attention to Paroma from the beginning stating that she is a very beautiful traditional Indian woman. As the film grips along, his fascination turns to personal from being a professional admirer of her beauty. In reciprocation to that we see Paroma indulging and getting a sense of sexual undercurrent and falling for the same. She tries to halt the modeling sessions but due to mere persistence from the family she does so to accommodate the guest in every po ssible way. As the modeling sessions go on she is made to realize her radiance and elegance by Rahuls gaze. Although she seems hesitant and apprehensive like for instance she covers her saree over her ankle in the first modeling session. But eventually she tends to react amicably to Rahuls desires. Rahul makes her realize her value and teaches her to see the world from a different perspective. This is symbolically shown when Rahul suggests to Paroma to see her own city from a high angle where one gets a birds eye view of the same. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 111) rightly says: ‘It is very symbolic when he says -learn to live life dangerously, because it is only when one is ready to experiment and take chances that there is a possibility of gaining something valuable in the process. And in a womans case that ‘something is realization of oneself as a separate entity complete and whole and not a mere extension of the rib of Adam. The films that focus on women protagonists showcase their search for self through their bodies. This is quite outstanding in the film Chandni bar. Mumtaz character played by Tabu the protagonist is forcefully sent by her maternal uncle to be a show girl in a dance bar. Her major source of income was from performing in the dance bar. She would maximum need to groove her body to the music and there would be scores of men willing to shed their money on her for the very own reason voyeuristic desires. This womans body is given the penultimate magnitude in many of the films we see. And in these films the act tends to start with a rebellious nature and the instrument being their body. As Jasbir Jain (2009: 121) has observed, Rebel women are portrayed with ridicule and comedy. Rebelliousness need not always be conclusive or even approved within the narrative structure. At times it may be part of the discourse on modernity and perceived as a potential threat to patriarchy through the values of education/westernization/independence. In a scene from Mirch Masala (1985) the protagonist Smitha Patil directs the tax collector to drink water from the other side of the river. She says: (This side is where human drink and the other side is where the animals drink) This can be an indirect statement made to the tax collector referring him to being a ruthless animal. Although the other women tend to run away at the sight of them approaching Smitha Patil stands still reflecting her character instantly that nothing can demoralize her. Having said much about rebelliousness and insubordination, it sometimes plays the part of a discourse taken towards modernity in a sense that it threatens the patriarchal structure. This can be called to mark the beginning of a revolutionary period that breaks the stereotypical and conventional thoughts of a society. A female protagonist who is shown to be wronged in the society and due to this suffers a great deal in life. In other words, she is said to be victimized who endure the consequences. If one notices it is always the female who bears the brunt of all the misfortunes. Possibly owing this to their beauty and morality they are able to capture the hearts of the men. But this seems to be taken for granted by the men. Now, having discussed about how women are portrayed and the penalties they pay in return are a myriad when it comes to how men are showcased. Although to digress a little from the centre of discussion, it would be interesting to see how men would react if there was a reverse of these situations. But what really happens in this case is that the men do not like to be treated as anything below their dignity even if it was unintentional. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 114) has rightly said, ‘They vent their anger, shun the women, and make them feel guilty. They are never shown to be in a compromising position -groveling or pleading with their women. From this we can conclude saying there are varying degrees of norms set for men and women in this patriarchal structure. This is otherwise called double standards of the male outlook being more evident. Paromas husband who is away on a business trip to Mumbai tends to sweet talk his secretary to fulfill his desires. What would be interesting to note at this point is that this particular scene goes unnoticed throughout the film. Other than his secretary no one knows the true story and no one would even come to know because the secretary is about to get married. In that case the secretary is not going to reveal this incident hoping to maintain her dignity and not ruin her chances of getting married. In the shot after the secretary leaves, he abuses her and slams the door. There is stark contrast in the way this matter is subdued as compared to what happens to Paroma eventually. One may argue that Paroma also had the freedom to keep up to her appointments with Rahul as her husband was away. Husbands do not necessarily offer the right kind of attention that is needed. Though this is an example of adulterated behavior by Paroma, her husband is not better in this stance. Much later Paroma is being ostracized by the family for the very reason that Rahul sends her a copy of the life magazine where her photograph is explicitly put up with his signature. This entirely shocks the family and creates a massive pandemonium. She is completely isolated from the family and her mother-in-law falls sick. Paromas husband unreasonably blames her for his mother falling ill and simultaneously tells her that he would teach the kids and that he does not want his kids to be taught by a whore. After Rahul has left to Greece her interest in house-hold work lacks interest. A woman, who is so devoted and energetic to the family needs once upon a time, completely does her share of chores listlessly. An observant husband asks her if she is keeping well, distressed reciprocates her absent-minded stupor. After the husband is aware of the photograph he condemns her and makes up his mind to shift to the guest room. In countering that Paroma confronts him and questions him if he has never committed mistakes in his life? And a point blank response No! says it all. One scene shows her husband frantically searching for a pair of cufflinks and scatters the draws and cupboards. Paroma who is silently watching gives a hand once her husband asks her maid to look for it. Paroma picks it up from the right draw and is diffident whether to hand it to him or leave it on the table. We see Paroma in her initial behavior as in early part of the film. Is this saying that she is attempting to get things back to normal? As Shoma A. Chatterji (2002: 76) aptly says, ‘The fact that she knows precisely where things around the house, is a pointer to the desperation a committed housewife like Paroma can be pushed to. It also proves her vulnerability. The irony is that the chores she did with such love and affection can be done with equal efficiency by Kamala, the maid, minus of course, the love and the affection Paroma put into them. Paroma is deemed to be portraying an equal status of a maid in this illustration. However it will be termed as an un-paid servant. Is this the kind of image that women would like to see on screen? Paroma being a strong character should be standing up for herself. Even though her routing was a little unusual to vast majority, this is Paromas point of view. The rupture created between Paroma and her extended family exposes the cruelty of patriarchal insistence and poses a threat to the male dominated society. The image of a mother she carries takes a toll when she puts her relationship before her motherhood. This does not necessarily mean she is insensitive to her childrens feelings. Every human requires a companion and in this case her determinants are surrounded by feelings of pleasure. As Shoma A. Chatterji (2002: 77) says, â€Å"Hinduism and the patriarchy it functions within, insists on placing the mother on a pedestal, which is natural and logical extension of the worship of the Mother Goddess to include the family unit. The pedestal is conveniently used by the patriarchal family to reduce the same mother to silence, absence and marginality, politically constructed to seemingly connote to the woman concerned.† As the narrative progresses, we embark upon something close to a peak. Paroma is disheartened with the way her attempt to reconcile things with family was treated unfavorably that she takes a drastic decision to end her life. She is admitted to a hospital and is diagnosed with a brain hemorrhage where the doctor says her hair needs to be shorn off for the purpose of an x-ray. On hearing this Paromas daughter sobs at her mothers hair being shaven off. One can notice a sense of hesitation from the members of the family as soon as they are informed that the surgery would do Paroma some good. Does this signify their hesitation to her as a person back into the family or just vacillation to the surgery? If it is evident that a surgery will save Paroma from more harm and why would anyone have double thoughts about this. It is clear that the family is in a dilemma to accept Paroma after such an incident and worried if the society would brand them as we know they would. To speak for majority of the families in India societal pressure plays a huge role in any decision the family makes. This is doubled up if the family has many girls in the family. If any decision that is taken has to reflect on the society then where is the question of living life to the fullest. One can understand if there is debate with regard to being responsible but not to the extent where the society rules ones life. This indicates a new beginning to Paroma or an end to all the discomfiture after all. As Mini Nanda (2009: 174) says, ‘Tonsuring of her hair seems to be a process of sloughing off her past, the pain and the humiliation as well as thrusting a widowhood on her. Paroma stays rigid that she will not speak any of her family members. She requests for a diary and a pen and begins to empty her feelings into the book. This self-defining act could also be looked at as a prolongation to the letters she used to write Rahul. She mentions the daily activities that happen in her nursing room. Paromas friend Sheila gets her a paper cutting of a write about Rahul, which Paroma chooses to let go standing near her window. This could be a mark made to erase the smallest trail of her past and to start a new beginning with vigor. Paroma has a conversation with her friend Sheila where she asks Sheila to get her a job as a sales assistant. When her family and the Doctor insist she goes through psychotherapy, she boldly says she has no guilt feeling inside her for her to go through any therapy. We see a fresh air of confidence swing past Paromas character. One can notice the diary writing to have started in the end of the film. Thereby stating the initiative Paroma has taken to express her feeling. Paroma for the first time voices her opinion to her family members about her ideas to work as a sales assistant. Even after each one trying hard to persuade Paroma to go through the therapy, so that her life could flow in the direction as before she stands up for her self. This act is again refreshing from the Paroma earlier on in the film and the rejuvenated Paroma. The climax has us all thinking metamorphic derivations. We see Paroma spill the beans to her shocked family about her new plans of taking up a job. And then her husbands reaction is worth noting at this point as it comes as a shocker to him. He is taken by surprise at Paromas decision and asks what people would think if his wife worked as a sales assistant for a very menial pay. In spite of all the pushing and probing from the family Paroma stands stable no matter what her family brands her as. She pans left to notice the plant sitting by the window sill and the name flashes across her mind ‘Woh Patte! Calendula kaise? Haan Euphobia contenopholia Krishnapallavi!? (Those leaves! Not Calendula! Yes, Euphobia contenopholia) There by telling us that she has definitely come out stronger than before by finding her inner-self and may be more. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 117) says: ‘In conclusion one can say that like phoenix she rises from her ashes stronger, more capable. It is the rebirth of Durga , the Paroma who has realized her ‘Shakthi but in a new form, a different context. References: Bindoo Nair (2009) ‘The Female bodies and the Male Gaze: Laura Mulvey and Indian Cinema in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Vrinda Mathur (2009) ‘Women in Indian Cinema: Fictional Constructs, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Anshoo Sharma (2009) ‘Crossing the Boundaries: Woman in search of Self, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Shoma A. Chatterji (2002) The Cinema of Aparna Sen, Calcutta: Parumitha Publication. Mini Nanda (2009) ‘Symbolism and Space in Aparna Sens Paroma and Deepa Mehtas Fire, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Mulvey L. (2975) ‘Visual Pleasure and narrative cinema, Screen, 16, 3, Autumn

Celine Dion :: essays research papers

Celine Dion, the youngest of 14 children, was born on March 30th, 1968 in Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada. Charlemagne is on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, on the east end of the Montreal Island. She has Hazel eyes and is 5 feet 7.5 inches tall. Her qualities are self-determination, professionalism and discipline. She is so disciplined that she has actually spent three weeks without making any sound to give her vocal cords a rest. She does have her failings though. She is sometimes impatient, especially in the mornings. Her lucky number is five. She even keeps a five-cent coin that was minted in 1968, that she found on the ground. Her favorite perfume is Channel #5, and her favorite colors are black, white and red. Celine collects miniature cups and crystal objects. She also collects shoes, having over 400 pairs! She enjoys snow and water skiing, and roller blading. Her second career choice would be to be a professional model, and her favorite musical instrument is a piano. C eline’s favorite female singers are Natalie Cole, Barbara Streisand, and Ginette Reno, and her favorite male singers are Stevie Wonder and Micheal Jackson. Micheal Jackson even sent her a signed photo stating “To Celine with love.';, (Http://www.celineonline.com/bio1.html.) and the hat he wore in the Billy Jean clip, which was also signed. Her first name comes from a song (Celine, sang by Hugues Aufray and written in 1966 by Vline Buggy) that her mother was singing while she was pregnant. Celine has a large family. Her mother is Therese Tanguay Dion, and her father is Adhemar Dion. She also has eight sisters: Denise, Claudette, Liette, Louise, Ghislaine, Linda, Manon, and Pauline. Her five brothers are Clement, Michel, Jacques, Daniel, and Paul. Paul and Pauline are twins. Celine’s family is very musical. Claudette, and Michel have both recorded albums, and Michel is part of a band named Le Show. Celine’s parents own Le vieux Baril (The Old Barrel), a piano-bar restaurant in their hometown. The children did waitressing and singing for the customers. Adhemar played the accordion and Therese played violin, while the children sang. Celine first stood on top of a table and sang a Ginette Reno song when she was only five! She also sang a song at her brother Michel’s wedding. The town’s people called her “la p’tite Quebecoise';, or “the little Quebecer';. When Celine was 12, she and her mother wrote the song Ce n’etait qu̵ 7;un reve (It was only a dream).

The Story of an Hour Essay example -- Kate Chopin

â€Å"The Story of an Hour† By Kate Chopin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin describes the thoughts and feelings that are depicted in a single hour of the life of Louise Mallard after hearing that her husband has been killed in a railroad accident. As the story begins we are told that Mrs. Mallard is afflicted with a heart condition so the news of her husband’s death is broken to her gently by her sister. Mrs. Mallard’s initial reaction, upon hearing of her husband’s death is one of grief. She wishes to be left alone to grieve in her room upstairs in the house. However, during the hour she spends sitting in an armchair alone in the room, her state of mind changes dramatically. She is faced with conflicting emotions and although she loved her husband and is very upset by his death, she cannot suppress the thoughts that she is now free to begin a new life without the restraints of having a husband. Mrs. Mallard experiences a joy and hope that will change her life now that she only has herself to think about. The story ends in a dramatic climax when Brently Mallard returns home, unhurt and not dead. The sight of seeing her husband alive causes Mrs. Mallard to die of what the doctors’ say is a â€Å"heart disease – of joy that kills.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Story of an Hour† portrays the social status or the Mallard family as working class. We know this because the author tells us that Brently Mallard works on the railroad. Through...

Comparing Seasonal Imagery in Wharton, Le Guin, and Johnson :: comparison compare contrast essays

Seasonal Imagery in Wharton, Le Guin, and Johnson      Ã‚   Summer     Now in November The Left Hand of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  The expression of Yeats's circularity of seasons goes back in literature at least as far as the poet Horace (Wirtjes 533). Traditionally, women's lives, centering on family maintenance, have mimicked the cycles of the seasons far more than men's. Theirs have been the lives that repeat the motifs of each preceding year, always reborn yet never wholly new. Women, then, have less experiential reason to view their lives as a part of an inexorable forward march rather than as several turns on the great wheel of birth and death. Women writers, likewise, may pay more attention than their male counterparts to the seasonal, circular nature of their protagonists' lives. This is the case with Edith Wharton's Summer, Josephine Johnson's Now in November, and Ursula Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness. All three novelists set current protagonist movement against a backdrop of immobility. Both Wharton and Le Guin set thei r protagonists' change against the seeming constancy of summer and winter, while Johnson sets a critical spring-to-fall family transition against her protagonist's assertion of year-to-year sameness. Thus, each novelist, while depicting the movement necessary to build a story arc, sets this movement within a larger context of circularity and sameness, represented for each by the recurring seasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edith Wharton's Summer, written in 1916, charts the sexual awakening of young Charity Royall from her carefree abandon in June through her affair with visiting Lucius Harney in July and August, ending in autumn with her de facto abandonment and marriage of convenience to the man who raised her, Lawyer Royall. As Peter L. Hays notes, the seasonal imagery provides "an appropriate metaphor for Charity's development" (114). Hays links this development explicitly to the seasons, albeit simplistically, with Charity's "growth and maturation" during the summer leading to her "impending harvest, both of wisdom and child" in the fall (116). Yet, like Kate Chopin several years earlier in The Awakening, Wharton, I believe, avoids this simple ending. Indeed, another critic notes that "What Elizabeth Ammons says of The Reef applies with equal force to Summer: 'The fairy-tale fantasy of deliverance by a man appears to be but is not a dream of freedom for women. It is a glorific ation of the status quo'" (Crowley 87). Charity at novel's end neither achieves her dreams (love and freedom with Harney) nor endures her nightmares (destitution and prostitution as a single mother).

Assessing the Role of Motivation on Employees

thr ole CHAPTER 1- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The main purpose of this study was to† assess the role of work motivation on employee performance†. This study in an assessment of this purpose used deductive approach in which a qualitative survey was carried out among employees of different companies. The survey was intended to get their responses on what they feel is (are) the best factors that could motivate them as employees among a list of ten motivational factors.In this light the study sets to identify the most ranked factors among the ten motivational factors. The analysis from the empirical findings showed that Job satisfaction† was the most ranked factor for both sub groups that made up the sample survey. However a study from previous researches used in this study showed that different results could be obtained from different groups of already working employees.This study therefore can be seen as an introduction to a more detailed study to be carried by future research ers on the field of employee’s motivation. CHAPTER 2- INTRODUCTION * Background When looking at factors that affect job satisfaction, I find that Agency theory might be helpful as it explains the extent to which organizations need to think of their human resource responsible in producing the output needed by organizations to meet shareholders value.Agency theory is concerned with issues related to the ownership of the firm when that ownership is separated from the day-to-day running of the organization. It assumes that in all but owner- managed organizations the owner or owners (known in agency theory as the â€Å"principal†) of an organization must vest authority to an â€Å"agent†-corporate management- to act on their behalf. The principal recognizes the risk, here and act on the assumption that any agent will look to serve its own as well as the principal interests as it ulfils it contract with that principal. However, this is not the situation in real life s ituation. As all agents are perceived to be Opportunistic. These approaches are to examine the problems of human exchange derived from the field of finance and economics but they are often applied to the study of shareholders Risk Management (SHRM). Agency theory is therefore used to analyze this conflict in interest between the principal (shareholders of organizations) and their agents (leaders of these organizations).Whereby the â€Å"Agents† in keeping with the interest of the shareholders and organizational goals turn to use financial motivational aspects like bonuses, higher payrolls, pensions, sick allowances, risk payments, perks to reward and retained their employees and enhance their performance. There is a strong lobby propounding the view that human resources and their management are the source of competitive advantage for the business, rather than, say, access to capital or use of technology.It is therefore logical to suggest that, attention needs to be paid to th e nature of this resource and its management as this will impact on human resource behavior and performance and consequently the performance of the organization. Indeed Boxall and Steeneveld (1999) argue that there is no need to prove the relationship between firm critical influence on performance and labour management as it is self evident that the quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm.Concern for strategic integration, commitment flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employees motivation and retention. Given this perception, the principal in an organization feels unable to predict an agent’s behavior in any given situation and so brings into play various measures to do with incentives in other to tie employee’s needs to those of their organization. Thus getting employee’s identification with respect to the organization, and thus increasing their commitment level.As an approach to mediate the employment contract, elements of human resource strategy (especially those to do with rewards and retention) can offer a way of ensuring an efficient transaction process that enables both parties to get committed towards the fulfillment of each other needs. The fundamental problem, dealt with is what drives or induces people to exploit their potential resources in the way they do in organizations? The issue of motivation and performance are they positively related?By focusing on the financial aspect of motivation problem like bonus system, allowances perks, salaries, etc. By paying attention to the financial aspect of motivation, I intend to probe in to the role this aspect has on enhancing employee’s performance. I believe, financial motivation has become the most concern in today’s organization, and tying to Mallow’s basic needs, non-financial aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. Though in some situation, it is being operated side by sid e.But as a research topic for my thesis I will employ the financial aspects of motivation used by the agents of organization in enhancing their employee’s performance and the extent to which non-financial aspects of motivation turn to enhance employee’s performance. To evaluate the methods of performance motivation in organization in organizing some motivational factors like satisfies and dissatisfies will be used to evaluate how employees motivation is enhanced other than financial aspects of motivation. Problem Statements As a research question, the research seeks to answer what role motivation plays in enhancing performance in organization. This will be possible through analysis of information gathered from students. Hence this thesis is mainly quantitative. * Objectives In trying to find an answer(s) to the research question and on the basis of the above background discussion and research question, the main purposes developed for this thesis is to assess the factor s that motivate employees to perform best at work.This is done by carrying out a survey in which respondents responding to a survey, ranked the least two most important factor on a list of ten factors, and how these factors influence them. * Limitations and Demarcations The limitation is being considered in relation to the natural explanation to which the researcher has limited the study and the active choices to limit the study area that is financial motivation as a determinant of performance. The study is limited to existing theories and models, and their influence and limitation on performance enhancement.By considering the financial and non-financial aspect of motivation on employees’ performance relating to existing theories and models, I intend to mark a demarcation for the study. Here I have considered limitation in line with the research objective that is the study is limited. I believe that with the changing nature of the work force, recent trends in development, inf ormation and technology, the issue of financial motivation becomes consent on one of the most important assets in an organization.A lot has been said on the outside forces of an organization. This research considers the inside forces as a starting point. Ideally, a study of all the explanatory variables will be considered appropriate in order to capture the interactive influences of other variables and thus be able to come up with holistic and generally more acceptable results, of financial motivation and performance. * Definitions Motivation: Motivation by definition refers to what activates, directs human behavior and how this behavior is sustained to achieve a particular goal.Also it can be defined as the set of processes that arouse, direct and maintain human behavior towards attaining some goals. Jones (1955) argues that† Motivation is concerned with how behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, and is stopped and what kind of subjective reaction is present in the organization while all this is going on. † Role of financial motivation: The potential role of money is – (1) Conditioned reinforce (2) An incentive which is capable of satisfying needs (3) An anxiety reducer (4) Serves to erase feelings of dissatisfactionEmployee satisfaction: This refers to the positive or negative aspects of employee’s altitude towards their jobs or some features of the job. Organizational Goals: A concept, which refers to the focus of attention and decision-making among employees of a sub-unit. Organizing: This involves the complete understanding of the goals of organization, the necessity of proper co-ordination, and the environmental factors that influence the goals and employees within the organization. Employee attitudes: Mental state of readiness for motive arousal.Performance: the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it; A performance comprises an even t in which generally one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people. Efficiency: The ratio of the output to the input of any system. Economic efficiency is a general term for the value assigned to a situation by some measure designed to capture the amount of waste or â€Å"friction† or other undesirable and undesirable economic features present.It can also be looked as a short run criterion of effectiveness that refers to the ability of the organization to produce outputs with minimum use of inputs. CHAPTER 3- Literature review * What is motivation? According to Greenberg and Baron (2000) this definition could be divided into three main parts. The first part looks at arousal that deals with the drive, or energy behind individual (s) action. People turn to be guided by their interest in making a good impression on others, doing interesting work and being successful in what they do. The second part referring to the choic e people make and the direction their behavior takes.The last part deals with maintaining behavior clearly defining how long people have to persist at attempting to meet their goals. Reinter (1995), Buford, Bedeian &Linder (1995), Higgins (1994) all cited in Linder (1998,) defined motivation as â€Å"the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction, a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific unmet needs, an unsatisfied need, and the will to achieve, respectively. Young (2000) suggest that motivation can be defined in a variety of ways, depending on who you ask .Ask someone on the street; you may get a response like â€Å"it’s what drives us† or â€Å"it’s what makes us do the things we do. † Therefore motivation is the force within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. † Halepota (2005) defines motivation as â€Å"a person’s active partic ipation and commitment to achieve the prescribed results. †Halepota further presents that the concept of motivation is abstract because different strategies produce different results at different times and there is no single strategy that can produce guaranteed favorable results all the times. Antomioni (1999), â€Å"the amount of effort people are willing to put in their work depends on the degree to which they feel their motivational needs will be satisfied. On the other hand, individuals become de-motivated if they feel something in the organization prevents them from attaining good outcomes. It can be observed from the above definitions that, motivation in general, is more or less basically concern with factors or events that moves, leads, and drives certain human action or inaction over a given period of time given the prevailing conditions.Furthermore the definitions suggest that there need to be an† invisible force† to push people to do something in return. It could also be deduced from the definition that having a motivated work force or creating an environment in which high levels of motivation are maintained remains a challenge for today’s management. . This challenge may emanate from the simple fact that motivation is not a fixed trait –as it could change with changes in personal, psychological, financial or social factors.For this thesis, the definition of motivation by Greenberg & Baron (2003) is adopted, as it is more realistic and simple as it considers the individual and his performance. Greenberg &Baron defines motivation as:â€Å"The set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior towards attaining some goal†. (Greenberg &Baron, 2003) Bassett-Jones &Lloyd (2005,) presents that two views of human nature underlay early research into employee motivation. The first view focuses on Taylors, which viewed people as basically lazy and work –shy†, and thus held that these set of em ployees can only be motivated by external stimulation.The second view was based on Hawthorn findings, which held the view that employees are motivated to work well for â€Å"its own sake† as well as for the social and monetary benefits this type of motivation according to this school was internally motivated. * Motivational theories Even though much research been conducted on the field of financial motivation and many researchers and writers have proposed theories on the concept of financial motivation, and its role in enhancing employee’s performance in every organization some of these models have been widely used and accepted by today’s organizations leaders.In this thesis discussion on some of the motivational theories will include Alders (ERG theory), Maslow (Need theory), Vrooms (Expectancy theory), Adams (Social equity theory), Taylor (productivity theory), Herzberg (Two factor theory), Mac Gregory (theory X and Y), Geogopalaus (path goal theory) and skinn er (Reward theory). To better understand this discussion a summary of the theories is presented and an indebt discussion on Maslow and ERG theories on which I base my thesis overlooked.Alder asserts in his Existence relatedness and growth theory commonly known as the ERG theory that there are three basic human needs: Existence, relatedness and growth, which must be meet by an employee to enable him, increase performance. Maslow (1943) suggests that human needs can be classified into five categories and that these categories can be arranged in a hierarchy of importance. These include physiological, security, belongings, esteem and self-actualization needs. According to him a person is motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs.As long as the employees remain unsatisfied, they turn to be motivated only to fulfill them. When physiological needs are satisfied they cease to act as primary motivational factors and the individual moves â€Å"up† the hierarchy and se ek to satisfy security needs. This process continues until finally selfactualisation needs are satisfied. According to Maslow the rationale is quite simple because employees who are too hungry or too ill to work will hardly be able to make much a contribution to productivity hence difficulties in meeting organizational goals.Vroom (1964) proposes that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it he suggest that motivation leads to efforts and the efforts combined with employees ability together with environment factors which interplay’s resulting to performance. This performance interns lead to various outcomes, each of which has an associated value called Valence. Adams (1965) on his part suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the Rewards they receive for high performance.According to him the outcome from job includes; Pay, recognition, promotion, social relationship and intrinsic reward . to get these rewards various inputs needs to be employed by the employees to the job as time, experience, efforts, Education and loyalty. He suggests that, people tend to view their outcomes and inputs as a Ratio and then compare these ratios with others and turn to become motivated if this ratio is high. Taylor (1911) observed the soldering by employees, which is a situation whereby workers work less than full capacity.He argued that soldering occurs due to the fact employee’s fear that performing high will lead to increasing productivity, which might cause them to lose their jobs. This slow paces of work where promoted by faulty systems however this situation is not what prevails with contemporary employees who organizations evaluate them through their performance. Herzberg suggested that there are factors in a job, which causes satisfaction. These he called intrinsic factors (motivators) and other factor he refers to as dissatisfies (hygiene factors).According to him if the motivation al factors are met, the employee becomes motivated and hence performs higher. Mac Gregory suggested that there exist two sets of employees (lazy and ambitious employees) with lazy employees representing theory X, hard and ambitious workers representing Y. According to him the lazy employee should be motivated to increase performance in an organization. Geogopalaus path Goal theory of motivation states that, if a worker sees high productivity as a path leading to the attainment of one or more of his personal goals, he will turn to be a high producer.But if he sees low productivity as the path leading to the attainment of his goal he will turn to be a low producer and hence needs to be motivated. This discussion on the above motivational theories explains the fact that the concept of employee’s motivation has been a critical factor addressed by previous authors as what determines the core competence of every organization in achieving a competitive position. Skinner who propound ed that any behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated supported this view. The term motivation has been used in numerous and often contradictory ways.Presently there appears to be some agreements that the crucial thread that distinguishes employee’s motivated behaviors from other behavior is that it is goal directed behavior, Bandar (2000P223) argues that the core of motivating individuals lies in the goal-directed aspect of behavior. Jones suggested â€Å"motivation is concern with how behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, is stopped and what kind of subjective re-action is present in the organization while this is going on. The process egins because of tension within drives or needs of an employee. Next there is a search within the company or groups or within employee to fulfill his desires. When the employee is satisfied with his financial motivation he redefines his desires and needs and the process is initiated again. These groups of resea rchers were over the years divided into what was later labeled the content and process theories of motivation. Steers, mow day& Shapiro (2004) the process generated during this period, makes this period referred to as â€Å"the golden age of work motivation theories†. Never before and, some would argue, never since has so much progress been made in explicating the etiology of work motivation† (steers et al. ) Bassett-Jones & Lloyd (2005) suggests that the â€Å"content theorists led by Herzberg, assumed a more complex interaction between both internal and external factors, and explored the circumstances in which individuals respond to different internal and external stimuli. On the other hand, process theory, where victor Vroom was the first exponent considers how factors internal to the person result in different behaviors.From the focus point of these two groups, one could observe that the process theories attempt or try to understand the thinking processes an indivi dual might go through in determining how to behave in a workplace. The primary focus was on how and why questions of motivation, how certain behavior starts, developed and sustained over time it is true that human behavior in general is dynamic and could affect the individual’s personal altitude as well as factors surrounding that individual.These exogenous factors eminent from the environment in which the individual operates generate stimuli to employees. It is my belief that employees in general are goal seeking and look for challenges and expect positive re-enforcement at all times. Hence it could only be of benefit if organizations could provide these rewards and factors. Though I have discussed earlier in this thesis that employees are financially motivated, motivation could be seen as a moving target, as what motivates differs among different people.And may even change for the same person over a given period of time, developments within the modern organization has proba bly made motivating employees ever more difficult due to the nature of every individual, behavior increasing the complexity of what can really motivate employees. Bassette-jones & Lloyd (2005) â€Å"expectancy, equity, goal setting and reinforcement theory have resulted in the development of a simple model of motivational alignment. The model suggests that once needs of employees are identified and organizational objectives and also satisfy employee needs .If poorly aligned, and then low motivation will be the outcome†. According to (Wiley, 1997) â€Å"modern approaches to motivation may be organized into three related clusters: (1) personality-based views (2) cognitive choice or decision approaches and (3) goal or self-regulation perspective; where personality-based views emphasize the influence of enduring personal characteristics as they affect goal choice and striving. Workplace behavior is posited to be determined by persons current need state in certain universal need category.Cognitive choice approaches to work motivation emphasize two determinant of choice and action; expectations, and subjective valuation of the consequences associated with each alternative. These expectancy value theories are intended to predict an individual choice or decision. Goal framework to work motivation emphasize the factors that influence goal striving which focuses on the relationship between goals and work behavior. The assumption is that an employee’s conscious intentions (goals) are primary determines of task-related motivation since goals direct their thoughts and action†.It is worth noting that an in-depth review of all the different theories mentioned above, is beyond the scope of this thesis. However, the personality-based perspective of work motivation within which Maslow need theory of motivation and Alders ERG theory falls will provide the main support and serve as a foundation for the research reported in this thesis. Specifically, as organi zational scholars have paid a great deal of attention to the idea that people are motivated to use their jobs as mechanisms for satisfying their needs.This project intend to use Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory of motivation as a foundation to identify the factors that motivate today’s employees, and in the process determine a ranking order off actors that motivates these employees, the original Maslow theory will be looked at more detail hereof. * History and Explanation of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Theory The â€Å"motivation to work† published by Maslow probably provided the field of organizational behavior and management with a new way of looking at employees job altitudes or behaviors in understanding how humans are motivated.Probably the best-known conceptualization of human needs in organizations has been proposed by this theory. Abraham Maslow was a clinical psychologist who introduced his theory based on personal judgment, which was generally k nown as the need hierarchy theory. According to him if people grew in an environment in which their needs are not met, they will be unlikely to function as healthy individuals or well adjusted individuals. This idea was later applied to organizations to emphasize the idea that unless employees get their needs met on the job, they will not function as effectively as possible.Specifically Maslow theorized that people have five types of needs and that these are activated in a hierarchical manner. This means that these needs are aroused in a specific order from lowest to highest, such that the lowest-order need must be fulfilled before the next order need is triggered and the process continues. If you look at this in a motivational point of view Maslow’s theory says that a need can never be fully met, but a need that is almost fulfilled does not longer motivate.According to Maslow you need to know where a person is on the hierarchical pyramid in order to motivate him/her. Then yo u need to focus on meeting that person’s needs at that level (Robbins) According to Greenberg and Baron (2003,) the five needs identified by Maslow correspond with the three needs of Alderperson ERG theory. Whereas Maslow theory specifies that the needs be activated in order from lowest to highest Alder’s theory specifies that the needs can be activated in any order. His approach is much simpler than Maslow’s.Alder specifies that there exist three main needs as opposed to five postulated by Maslow. This human basic needs include existence, relatedness and growth. These needs according to Alder need not necessarily activated in any specific order and may be activated at any time. According to him Existence needs corresponds to Maslow’s physiological needs and safety needs. Relatedness needs corresponds to Maslow’s social needs and growth needs corresponds to esteem and self-actualization needs by Maslow.Below is a summary of these needs that in this thesis are divided into Deficiency needs(psychological, safety, social needs) and Growth needs (esteem, self-actualization needs). Factors Explanation 1. Physiological needs are the need at the bottom of the triangle and include the lowest order need and most basic. This includes the need to satisfy the fundamental biological drives such as food, air, water and shelter. According to Maslow organizations must provide employees with a salary that enable them to afford adequate living conditions.The rationale here is that any hungry employee will hardly be able to make much of any contribution to his organization. 2. Safety needs this occupies the second level of needs. Safety needs are activated after physiological needs are met. They refer to the need for a secure working environment free from any threats or harms. Organizations can provide these need by providing employees with safety working equipment e. g. hardhats, health insurance plans, fire protection etc. The rationale is th at employees working in an environment free of harm do their jobs without fear of harm. . Social needs: This represents the third level of needs. They are activated after safety needs are met. Social needs refer to the need to be affiliated that is (the needed to be loved and accepted by other people). To meet these needs organizations encourage employees participation in social events such as picnics, organizations bowling etc 4. Esteem needs this represents the fourth level of needs. It includes the need for self-respect and approval of others. Organizations introduce awards banquets to recognize distinguished achievements. . Self-actualization: This occupies the last level at the top of the triangle. This refers to the need to become all that one is capable of being to develop ones fullest potential. Most research on the application of need theory found that although lower-level managers are able to satisfy only their deficiency needs on the jobs, managers at the top level of org anizations are able to satisfy both their deficiency and growth needs (Greenberg &Baron2003) this view was supported by Shipley &Kiel (1988)Shiply &Kiel (1988) argue that as â€Å"need satisfaction is an attitude, and that it is perfectly possible for a worker to be satisfied with his/her need, but not be motivated the reverse of which holds equally true. Hence, need satisfaction and motivation are not synonymous and both need fulfillment and un- fulfillment can have negative as well as positive influence on motivation. * Organizational /managerial Applications of Maslow’s Need theory The greatest value of Maslow’s need theory lies in the practical implications it has for every management of organizations (Greenberg & Baron 2003).The rationale behind the theory lies on the fact that it’s able to suggest to managers how they can make their employees or subordinates become self-actualized. This is because self-actualized employees are likely to work at their maxi mum creative potentials. Therefore it is important to make employees meet this stage by helping meet their need organizations can take the following strategies to attain this stage 1. Recognize employee’s accomplishments: Recognizing employee’s accomplishments is an important way to make them satisfy their esteem needs.This could take the form of awards, plagues etc†¦ According to (Greenberg & Baron 2003, p197) research carried out in GTE Data services in Temple Terrace, Florida shows that awards are given to employees who develop ways of improving customer’s satisfaction or business performance. But it should be noted that according to Greenberg &Baron awards are effective at enhancing esteem only when they are clearly linked to desired behaviors. Awards that are too general fail to meet this specification. 2. Provide financial security: Financial security is an important type of safety need.So organizations to motivate their employees need to make them fi nancially secured by involving them in profit sharing of the organization. In a research carried out with AT&T and Wang showed that 50% of their employees received financial outplacement services to assist laid-off employees in securing new jobs. 3. Provide opportunities to socialize: Socialization is one of the factors that keep employees feel the spirit of working as a team. When employees work as a team they tend to increase their performance.Research conducted on IBM shows that it holds a â€Å"family day† picnic each spring near its Armonk, New York headquarters. 4. Promote a healthy work force: Companies can help in keeping their Employees physiological needs by providing incentives to keep them healthy both in health and mentally. In a research carried out at the Hershey Foods Corporation and Southern California Edison Company showed that Employees are provided with insurance rebates with health lifestyles while extra premiums were given to those with risk habits like smoking. * Criticisms of Maslow’s Need theory of motivationMaslow proposed that if people grew up in an environment in which their needs are not meet, they would be unlikely to function healthy, well-adjusted individuals. Research testing Maslow’s theory has supported the distinction between the deficiencies and growth needs but showed that not all people are able to satisfy their higher-order needs on the job. According the results of the research managers from higher echelons of organizations are able to satisfy both their growth and deficiency needs lower level managers are able to satisfy only their deficiency needs on the job.Maslow’s theory has not received a great deal of support with respect to specific notion it proposes (Greenberg &Baron 2003, p195). To them this model is theorized to be especially effective in describing the behavior of individuals who are high in growth need strength because employees who are different to the idea of increasing their growth will not realize any physiological reaction to their jobs. Centers &Bengal (1966) in their survey carried out among a cross-section of the Working population in Los Angeles, posited â€Å"background factors, altitudes and aspirations Affects workers needs, expectations and situation assessment†.According to Graham & Messner (1998) there are generally three major criticisms directed to the need theory and other content theories of motivation. (A) There is scant empirical data to support their Conclusions, (b) they assume employees are basically alike and (c) they are not theories of Motivation at all, but rather theories of job satisfaction. This was supported by the views ofNadler & Lawler (1979) in Graham &Messner (2000). Nadler & Lawler (1979) cited in Graham & Messner (2000) were also critical of the need theory of motivation.They argue that the theory makes the following unrealistic assumptions about employees in general that: (a) all employees are alike (b) all s ituations are alike and that (c) there is only one best way to meet needs. Another critic to this view was Basset-Jones & Lloyd (2004). Basset-Jones & Lloyd (2004, p 961) presents that in general, critics of the need theory argue that it is as a result of the natural feeling of employees to take credit for needs met and dissatisfaction on needs not met.Nonetheless and regardless of the heavy criticism levied at the hierarchy of need theory, I believe that this theory has a made a significant contribution in the field of organizational behavior and management especially in the area of employee motivation and remains attractive to both researchers and managers alike. The incorporation of the need theory into the work environment today could be as a result of the contributions made so far by Maslow’s Hierarchy of need theory. Empirical studies on employee motivation using the original and Adapted Maslow’s model If any person has to come up with the question that is there any need for employees motivation? The answer to this type of question of-course should be simple-the basic survival of every organization is it public or private limited before, today and in the foreseeable future lies in how well its work force is motivated to meet the objectives of the organization. This explains why the human resource department in today’s organization is became a focus of its core functions.I think that motivated employees are needed in this rapidly Business world where the principal-agent conflict is the issue confronting most managers. Most organizations now consider their human resources as their most valuable assets (a strategic or competitive advantage). Therefore, in order to effectively and efficiently utilize this strategic asset, I believe managers and the organization as a whole must be able and willing to understand and hopefully provide the factors that motivate its employees within the context of the roles and duties they perform.This is bec ause highly motivated employees are the cause of high productivity levels and hence higher profits for the organization. Having noted this rationale the next question one may ask are what factors motivated today’s employees†? According to Wiley (1997, p265) at some point during our lives, virtually every person may have to work. He claims that working is such a common phenomenon that the question â€Å"what motivates people to work is seldom asked.Wiley went on to say that â€Å"we are much more likely to wonder why people climb mountains or commit suicide than to question the motivational basis of their work†, therefore, exploring the altitudes that employees hold concerning factors that motivate them to work is important to creating an environment that encourages employee motivation. From the much amount of literature available on employee motivation, it is clearly evident that a lot of surveys regarding employees and what motivates them have been undertaking. These employee motivation surveys have been conducted in many different job situations, among different categories of employees using different research methods and applications. One of the very first survey to be conducted was on industrial workers by (Hershey & Blanchard, 1969) over the years, similar or different survey employees have been carried out see (Kovach, 1987, 1993) (Wiley, 1995), (Lindner, 1998, 1999) According to a research carried out by Kovach on industrial employees who were asked to rank ten â€Å"job rewards† factors based on personal preferences where the value 1 represented most preferred and 10 being the least preferred.The results were as follows (1) full appreciation of work done (2) feeling of being (3) sympathetic help with personal problems 4) job security (5) Good wages and salaries (6) interesting work (7) promotion & Growth (8) employees loyalty (9) Good working conditions (10) tactful discipline. During the periods of (1946, 1981 & 1986) when e mployee surveys were carried out, supervisors were at the time asked to rank job rewards, as they taught employees would rank them.The rankings by the supervisors were relatively consistent for each of the years. These rankings were as follows: (1) Good wages (2) Job security (3) promotion and Growth (4) working conditions (5) interesting work (6) personal loyalty to employees (7) tactful discipline (8) full appreciation (9) sympathetic help with personal problems (10) recognition (Kovach 1987) The results from the supervisor survey indicated that their ranking had not changed over the study period with regards their collective perception of factors that motivate employees.This shows that they had a very inaccurate perception of what motivates employees but also that they did not realize the importance of the need theory. In a survey by Wiley (1997, p. 278) in which approximately 550 questionnaires were administered to person employed at different industries and divided into 5 subgr oups, or categories namely: (occupation, gender, income levels, employment status and age) they were asked to rank 10 factors according to the level of importance each is in motivating them to perform best with the most important factor ranked 1 and the least important ranked 10th.The survey concluded with the following collective rank order by respondents: (1) Good wages (2) full appreciation of work done (3) job security (4) promotion (5) interesting work (6) company loyalty to employees (7) Good working conditions (8) tactful discipline (9) recognition (10) sympathetic help with personal problems.The results from a representative sample of the labour force in seven different countries by Harpaz (1991) showed that the two most dominant work goals were â€Å"interesting work† and Good wages†; He further concluded that these two factors were consistent across different organizational levels, between genders and age groups. Quinn (1997) also cited in Harpaz (1991 p. 311) concluded, â€Å"When the ratings of twenty three job related factors (including the need factors) were carried out, the conclusion reached was that no single factor was pre-eminently important†.He further pointed out that, â€Å"The most aspect of the worker job was that of sufficient resources to perform a task. From the above studies presented so far, the rankings by different subgroups have shown semantic differences in the importance placed on different motivational factors. For example (Kovach, 1987, Wiley, 1997 and Harpaz, 1990) . The discrepancies in these research findings supports Nelsons (2001) positional view that â€Å"what motivates employees differs and may change for the same employee over time†.It is appropriate at this level to give a brief summary of the previous researches in this thesis. Even though the original need hierarchy theory was presented some 50 years ago, some of its if not all factors remain of significant importance to employees toda y. The large number of earlier and recent studies investigating employee motivation using sometimes the original or modified version of Maslow’s theory, may continue the appreciation of this theory and the issue of employee motivation.The literature also shows that where the original theory was lacking (short comings or criticized for), has been greatly taken into consideration. Researchers have taken issues such as differences in gender, age, income, culture & countries etc and how these may affect or influence employee work motivation extensively. The commonality between these previous researches is the agreement that certain factors are more important as motivational factors than others and that these factors may change from one employee to another.These previous studies have also been taken using different methods, from surveys, questionnaires, face-face interviews, but their outcomes have not differed significantly. A possible explanation could be due to the fact that ev en though these studies were carried out using different methods and target population, the motivator’s factors remain same. The literature used in this thesis covers a wide range of time period, highly relevant and useful for addressing the purpose of this thesis. CHAPTER 4- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * MethodIn order to form a background and to give the reader an appropriate direction of focus of my work, I have put forward and motivate the choices I have made when working on this research. Thus all the issues raised in this chapter should form the basis for evaluation of the result in the light of how I have planned and carried out the work. * Choice of Subject In a rapidly evolving environment, where skills and capabilities continuously play a vital role in the creation of shareholders wealth and values, firms must be able to learn fast and adapt regularly.So as to attract, retain and integrate their workers with respect to new challenges of globalization and technological adva ncement. Ensuring that their workers can construct and share strategically valuable knowledge. Organizations must be able to arouse, directs and sustained human behavior to achieve organizational goals and meet shareholders value many organizations have failed to link employee’s interest to those of the organizations and as such, employees and employers job contract has become unstable, with higher labour turn over.Thus I have chosen to write on this topic because traditional tangible assets (employees) have become less important than intangible knowledge -based assets (technology). I believe, a study like this one could form the bases for the evaluation of company motivational strategies, and thus a quorum for future research and organizational adjustments.The emergence of the knowledge economy is one of the most dramatic shifts to have taken place in society since the industrial revolution, with the impact of the World Wide Web I address the belief that, with the current tr end of globalization, labour turnover demands more part times to full time jobs, companies need to continuously measure and evaluate their motivational strategies with respect to labour turnover and the number of new applicant and hence think on how to enhance performance.Having worked back home, with some organizations where I served as an intern, I realized that some employers were misunderstanding the concept of motivation. The work environment was not conducive and in most situations, the environment was tense with little or no job satisfaction employer’s turn to look upon financial motivation as the only aspect of motivation, which can be used to enhance every employee’s performance. Thus, I thought of the issue of employee’s motivation of a research interest.Thus when the issue of a C-level thesis came to my mind I reflected on my past experience with my former employers with motivation being a point of focus. I believe the result and recommendation could serve some other organizations and open up opportunities for further research. We may agree that in reality most if not all organizations consider their employees to be the most valuable resources since the other factors of production can easily be obtained due to globalization.Researchers for example Pfeiffer (1998), cited in (Whittington and Evans, 2005) suggested â€Å"perhaps the only remaining source of sustainable competitive advantage is through people†. This in other words suggests that the effective and efficient management of this human resource has and will continue to be of increasing importance possibly for all organizations. Thus, the subject of this thesis was based on the increase importance of people within all kinds of organizations.That is to identify if financial motivation is the sole factor pushing today’s employees to go the extra mile and give their best at work, and in so doing provide a rank of all other factors that can push employees to best performance. Aspiring as a future manager, the findings of this thesis will not only help me understand what motivates employees in different works of life, but also an advantage for my future managerial abilities and capabilities. * PerspectivePerspective in terms of a research study can be considered as the starting point of the research study . it more or less clarifies from which direction the researcher(s) studies the problem at hand and how he or she plans to interpret the research findings in reality. The choice of perspective usually has a strong connection with the purpose of the research and most often than not influences the choices of methods and theories needed to carry out the research (Reed, 2006).The general perspective in this thesis is broadly from USBE student’s point of view as employees and future employees. That is to identify what motivates employees to do best at work. This perspective is taken with the hope that results of this thesis could act as gu ide that would help organizations retain their most valuable resource and hopefully reap the rewards of a motivated work force. This thesis will provide a collective rank order of motivational factors among employees, taking the perspective of the employees is considered to be appropriate for this thesis.Writing a research like this one requires every researcher to take a stand and have a view of knowledge. Here, I have taken my stand or perspective for this research with respect to two folds. An academician and a businessperson can often view problem interpretation differently. Here the perspectives I have taken reflect my interpretation and findings of the problem at hand. Thus, my overall objective is â€Å"To assess the role of work motivation on employee’s performance†.Thus my perspective is that of performance enhancement in relation to financial Motivation and to judge if other motivational factors can as well enhance employees’ performance. * Preconcepti on Individual’s preconceptions are their ideas that exist regarding different phenomenon. According to the Cambridge advanced learners dictionary, preconception is an idea or opinion formed before enough information is available to form it correct (Reed, 2006, p1).This opinion is as a result of a complex pattern, which is usually influenced by a person’s practical experience, social background education, etc. Each and everyone decision values and behavior is affected by preconceptions for they posses it. It therefore undermines everyone complete objectivity especially when making observations. Rather than pursuing complete objectivity, I should instead be aware of such a phenomenon and let them not interfere in my decisions in an unreasonable manner.Preconceptions differ from individual to individual depending on for example experiences, education or previous scientific work. Education in its self forms a strong foundation for understanding, preconceptions. Preconcepti ons are socially founded, subjective opinions on the issues to be studied. The scientist preconceptions vary depending upon the parents, religion conviction, circle, and set of acquaintances, working places, social status. Some are deeply founded than others and as such are harder to change e. g. faith and politics.As a business student with previous economic background and work experience, my preconceptions will not only affect my findings and the conclusions made, but also the whole scientific process as noted earlier. Thus pure objectivity is very difficult to maintain in scientific research. To some extent, my findings reflects the values, my work is inevitably subjective and that it is important for me to give the reader knowledge regarding my background providing the reader with sufficient information against which the work research can be evaluated and understood.Preconceptions are the foundation upon which I have based all my following experiences and therefore the following experiences can be colored by our preconceptions. They are not just a built in memory; they affect me while I search from new knowledge and decide the approach that I have on the subject that am about to explore (Sarita N, and Ulrika Ronnholm (2004) Culture what are its effects). My preconceptions came from my previous studies and practical experience within the public sector in Cameroon and educational background.Having this in mind, my preconceptions (especially about the motivational importance of money) and how this might affect the study was questioned at great lengths Primarily because the empirical findings or results of this thesis will be based on the responses obtained from the questionnaires administered to the survey participants, which of course during the study period are not affected by my individual preconceptions. * Ideal Depending upon the way you choose to perceive the reality, a scientific research should be essential to give the reader knowledge on the research .This view should follow the theoretical and scientific choices of the study. They are two scientific ideals that emerge from the interpretation at hand; the positivism and the hermeneutic. These ideals are two extremes and the researcher may place him any way along the line. In my reflections upon the rule of financial motivation, I describe myself as an unreconstructed positivist, guided by the belief that employees are motivated financially to perform better. As a result, conclusions can be drawn about employees’ attitudes towards financial motivation.These results in the generation of scientific knowledge base on generalized propositions that can be tasted against facts from which it is possible to Asses the rule of work motivation on employee performance. * Approach In this research, I will follow the deductive approach. Since it utilizes a wide range of existing theories and tries to find answers from existing research and findings about motivation and employees enhance ment, which I very much believe, will be use to form the basis to compare, analyze and investigate the findings of the research.The investigation will start from a sample questionnaire and various theories on motivation, and performance enhancement relating them to previous research. And then conclude by analyzing Results of the questionnaire ranking the motivational factors that is welcomed by employees towards their performance. Reed (2006,p1) suggest that,† empirical research generates knowledge derived from observation or experimentation as opposed to theory and that empirical research uses inductive reasoning to draw conclusions about the experimentation and observations †.In general, a study can be carried out using an inductive or deductive approach. Reed goes further to present that the inductive approach is â€Å"where specific observations or measurements are made in order to develop broader conclusions, generalization and theories. The deductive on the other hand, is â€Å"where one starts thinking about generalizations, then proceeds towards specifics on how to prove or implement the generalizations. * Research Method Basically, they are two main research methods and each method is employed and used depending on the research question at hand.Firstly, the qualitative method is where the goal is to widen the knowledge and the whole pre-understanding through field observations or in laboratories. The weakness of this method is the effect from the control of the phenomena, which will continue to change because of the scientific process. During the oral method, the interviewer should guide the conversation as little as possible. Through the language, the scientist and respondents could take part of each other’s thoughts by their own valuations and experience, for it ecomes easier for the scientist to gather information from the respondents. Qualitative research is by no means a new strategy or framework for doing social research (Ha milton, 1994; Vidich and Lyman, 1994). None-the-less, there has been a very considerable growth in the use and popularity of qualitative research since the early 1960s, which can easily convey the impression that it is of more recent origin than is in fact the case. It seems to imply any approach, which does not entail the collection and analysis of qualitative data.This view is generally regarded as unhelpful though it does have some currency, largely because for most writers and practitioners, it is viewed as being more than the mere absence of qualitative data. Quantitative methods on the other hand are based on already decided and well-structure questions, which all the respondents will be asked. The information is reduced to a certain area of interest and respondents will be repeated the same questions. This can be combined with open questions, which give the respondents the flexibility to answer from different perspectives.Quantitative and qualitative aspects may also be comb ined in the same study. They can complement each other by bringing width and depth into the research. A mix of qualitative and quantitative studies gave me the best ideal to follow as by focusing on secondary data, and previous research I intend to forge ahead with the research question. With my main objective, to achieve a deeper understanding of the chosen subject, this research will knowledge realized from articles written on the topic conducted in previous research.The combined approaches will be the most meaningful way to probe into the subject and assess the role of the financial aspect of motivation in enhancing employees’ performance. The major part of this thesis uses a quantitative method, as the aim is focus on gathering information or opinions about the many factors in a systematic manner (in this case a survey) in order to identify the factor that motivates today’s employees. However, a quantitative approach is considered most suitable when analyzing the r esults between the different subgroups of respondents as the results are mainly presented in figures. Collection The search among the students yields a considerable amount of literature (both books and scientific articles) concerning work motivation dating as far backs as the 1950s. To develop a strong theoretical background, several of these materials were utilized, which enabled me to select those that I considered most suitable for this thesis. The books and articles were found using the search engines and databases available at the Internet. From a review of literature, a survey questionnaire was developed to collect data for the study.The survey questionnaire developed included a list of ten factors that were adapted from previous researchers already mentioned in the previous discussions. During the study period, 100 surveys were administered to employees who represent the target population of this study. These typed questionnaires were all hand-delivered to participants, which were dropped in a box assigned for collection. My presence was only relevant for explaining some statements in the questionnaire that the respondents needed further explanation.The questionnaire asked participants to rank the surveys ten questions according to how important each is in motivating them as future employees to perform best at work. The most important factor was ranked 1and least important ranked 10. All factors were to be ranked and no rank could be used more than once. The participants were as well asked to indicate their; Name, Current age. The respondents filling the questionnaire found no major problem in understanding the question as they were asked the only major problem I realized although from a very small number of respondents, was that of ranking the factors.However, out of the 100 hundred questionnaires administered 75 responded questionnaires usable for this project (75%). The remaining 25% were those that were not refund by the respondents for various reas ons, which could not be, count for. In general, collecting data among employees was very interesting, as many of the respondents were happy making an assessment of their future employment situations. Therefore I consider the 75% response rate to be adequate and a good sample for this project. * SampleThe purpose of this project is to access the role of financial motivation in enhancing employee’s performance in organizations, utilizing Mallow’s hierarchy of need theory as a foundation in order to achieve this aim. The process through which this would be obtain is by allowing individuals to rank a given set of adapted motivational factors according to how important each is in motivating them as employees to perform best at work. I am of the view that by using a general survey method rather than interviews, it would be possible to overcome some of the major concerns of Mallow’s critics.As a result, a total of 100 questionnaires (see appendix for sample of administ ered questionnaire), were prepared and randomly administered among employees of different organizations. These questionnaires were distributed randomly in order to ensure maximum representation of all level of employees from different works of life and to avoid any possible biases. To ensure this, for example, the sample included employees from different age groups, regions and studying different field of programmers. * Choice of investigating factorsChoosing the investigating factors for a research is of great importance for the outcome of that study. The factors selected in this study are from a number of previous studies, enabling this thesis to accommodate a broader view of the existing literature. Therefore it is only necessary at this point to motivate my choice for adopting some factors for this thesis and not others. Firstly, the original plan was to undertake a case study of Company to assess the role of financial motivation on the performance of their employees, taking int o consideration my preconceptions.However, this did not materialize because of some understanding difficulties, for example, when I contacted through phone calls to carry out my study, I was told of the understanding difficulties. Therefore with a degree of counseling from my supervisor the decision was taking to instead carry out a general survey involving employees of various companies both private and public. Secondly, only four subgroups are considered in this project.These included (name and age) because I saw them as the most appropriate subgroups to be used for this project since the respondents to the survey included just students who could only be sub-divided for easy analysis of the results. Thus a third factor was to include the basis on which the selection for the factors was done to ensure validity in the results obtained from the analysis of the survey. Thirdly, the basis for selecting the ten factors in this project was that each factor must have been used by at least more than one previous research thus making the results and analysis of this thesis objective.Hence a discussion on what constitutes Deficiency needs and Growth needs was necessary as a fourth reason for the selection of investigating factors. Fourthly, it is worth noting that from the ten factors of need used in this study, three could be regarded as Deficiency needs for every employee (Good working conditions, job security, and nature of job). While the other seven could be considered growth needs for every employee (promotion and expectations, organizational/management style, recognition, satisfying goals, Good wages, team spirit, working hours).These factors were considered to be appropriate for this study. Finally, it is worth nothing that even though most of the target population of previous studies was specific group of employees, however most of the factors used were the same, though some were different. In this study, certain factors such as Good working conditions, workin g hours were not considered, as I did not find them highly relevant in this study, as their inclusion will only result in a pull of unnecessary data. * Data analysisAfter data were collected on all the factors, excel computer programme was used to present the results. The collective rank order was determined by entering the ranking given to each of the 10 factors in the survey questionnaire. After entering the rankings given to each factor by each respondent, the total or sum of all the rankings for that factor was totaled. The factor with the least or lowest sum, was ranked number 10 or the last factor and the factor with the highest sum was ranked 1 or first.The same procedure was used to analysis the ranking of factors between the different subgroups. This system of data analysis was found to be more appropriate as different participants gave a different ranking for the same factor, and this was the simplest method that I could use to present the results. * Quality of the researc h design Validity: Research design is often divided into three broad categories, according to â€Å"the amount of control the research maintains over the conduct of the research study†. Th